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the black death

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was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis,

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flagellants

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13th century and 14th century movement, consisting of radicals in the Catholic Church.are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments.

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Avignon palpacy

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was the period from 1305 to 1377 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon (modern-day France).[1] This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown.

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great schism

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formally divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively.

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conciliarism

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was a reform movement in the 14th, 15th and 16th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Avignon papacy[

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council of constance

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held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Western Schism, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining Papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V

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the three estates

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were the broad divisions of a hierarchically conceived society, usually distinguishing nobility, clergy, and commoners recognized in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern Europe.

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the renaissance

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the rebirth of classical culture that occured between 1350 and 1550

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francesco petrarch

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was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists. is often called the "Father of Humanism".[1]

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christine de pizan

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was a Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts. As a poet, she was well known and highly regarded in her own day.

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leonardo de vinci

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was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention.

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giovanni boccaccio

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was an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular.

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humanism

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an intellectual movement in renaissance italy based on the study of the greek and roman classsics

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civic humanism

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an intellectual movement in renaissance Italy that saw Cicero who was both an intellectual and statesmen as the ideal and held that humanist should be involved in governemnt and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

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christian (northern) Humanism

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an intellectual movement in europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the italian renaissance with an interest to the sources of early christianity. Including the new testament and the writings of the church fathers

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Lorenzo valla

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1406 – August 1, 1457) was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. His family was from Piacenza; his father, Luca della Valla, was a lawyer.

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nicollo macheavelli

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3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. he wrote the prince in 1513 and he wrote the art of war

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neoplatonism

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a revival of platonic philosophy in the third century a.d. associated with plotinus. a similar revival in the italian renaissance associated with marsilio ficino, who attempted to synthesize christianity and platonism