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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Locke vs Rousseau
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Locke believed that the mind of a child was a blank slate (tabula rasa) and so all knowledge comes from experience or perception, no innate knowledge, neither good nor bad. Rousseau believed that we are all born good and that every child is born 'simple' but then naturally they develop more complex ideas/knowledge.
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"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
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Quote by Ernst Haeckle. Means that the development of an individual (think "human baby") mirrors the evolution of the species. Human baby goes from looking like a single cell organism, to fish, etc until it resembles a human.
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Basic v Applied Research
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Basic seeks new knowledge and is driven by curiousity. Applied research takes known knowledge (usually from basic research) and attempts to seek a beneficial impact of it. You can't have applied without basic.
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Observation Methods of data collection
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Naturalistic observation (observing everyday life without intervention/being visible) and Structured observation (where you manipulate the setting but observe their natural behavior)
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Self-Report Methods of data collection
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Clinical interviews (where the questions become more personalized depending on your answers; think "doctor appointment" are you sexually active? how often do you have sex?) and Structured Interview/Questionnaire (everybody gets the same questions)
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Research Designs
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Longitudinal (study done with the same participants over a period of time) and Cross-sectional (study done with various groups of individuals from different age groups)
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Pros and Cons of a Longitudinal design
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Pros: clear relationship between early and later events and their effects, shows common patterns and individual differences.
Cons: high attrition rate (many drop out), repeated testing may make participants "better" at a task (repitition effect), and biased sampling (those that stay tend to be from affluent middle class families that value research) |
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Pros and Cons of a Cross-sectional design
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Pros: easy to find an age trend, easier to administer (you dont have to wait 20+ years).
Cons: no data on individual differences and results may be influenced by the cohort effect (since a group of individuals developed at roughly the same time, they may have been exposed to conditions that a later/previous generation were not exposed to; ex. 20 year olds during the Great Depression vs Now) |
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Limitations of the Observation Methods
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The observer may influence the behavior of the subject and/or the observer may have biases that can affect what they "see"
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Central ?'s in Dev Psych
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- Continuity? (across species, across individuals)
- Source of development? - Nature v Nurture - Plasticity? (can the course be changed through experiences) - Individual differences? (origin, stability over time) - Standard pathway? (only one course or many) |
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Theory v Hypothesis
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A theory is set of ideas/principles that is meant to predict/explain behaviors/events. A hypothesis is a specific prediction (made usually through a theory) about somethingX
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Self-Report Methods of data collection
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Clinical interviews (where the questions become more personalized depending on your answers; think "doctor appointment" are you sexually active? how often do you have sex?) and Structured Interview/Questionnaire (everybody gets the same questions)
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How to evaluate research?
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- Reliability
- Validity - Ecological validity - Objective |
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Cohort effect
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Refers to the effect in which individuals that have been born in a certain period of time that have been exposed to the same events.
Ex: Babies born during the war; |
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Vernix
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Liquid that protects the baby from scratches/ self-injuries.
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Viability
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Age: 7 months
Age of viability refers to the age in which a baby can survive outside of the mother's womb. At this age, the organs and body of the baby are completely functional and working. |
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Limitations of self-report methods
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Social desirability; Bad/Good mood during the questionnaire.
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Stage 1
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- 8-10 days: Germinal
>Zygote *Ovum+Sperm (fertilization) *Implantation - Early stage > each sell has become an embryo > each sell can become any type of organs - Later Stage >An Implantation: location decides what it will become (?) |
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Stage 2
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The 2nd to 8th weeks: Embryonic
>Embryo *Forming major systems *ossification: bones hard * body and bones start forming |
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Stage 3
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The 9th week to birth (38th week)
>Fetus *All basic tissues and organs are formed * Fetus grows rapidly in size |
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Implantation (?)
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Location decides what it will become.
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Critical period
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A period during which specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur.
Example: Duck following researcher |
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Sensitive period
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A time in which an organism's development when a particular experience has an especially profound effect.
Ex: children being exposed to language, they can still learn it until around 6-7. |
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Teratogens
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Agents that can affect and harm the developing of a baby.
1. Caffeine: -spontaneous abortion - Low birth weight (Birth weight best indicator of health) 2. Tobacco(Nicotine): - Deprives fetus of oxygen and nutrition - Low birth weight - Associated to SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome) - Second-hand smoke Alcohol
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FAS (Fetal alcohol syndrome) ?
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- Mentally retarded, poor attention/slow physical growth
- Facial features are distorted - Problems with the law - problems during adulthood; difficulty to write read - Poor motor skills/coordination |
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Prenatal learning studies (?)
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1. Salk:
-New borns - Calming effect of mother's heartbeat on infants - Weight gain 2. De Casper and Spence (1986) - Mother read a story during pregnancy to fetus - Test newborns (2-3 days old) - Old story vs. new story (In a strangers voice) babies would suck faster or slower to hear the story - prefer: old story!! |
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Baby's birth experience
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Old view: birth was traumatic for the baby
-Freud: birth =prototype of anxiety - causing event (there is therapy where rebirth is replayed to over-write the first one) New view: birth is not traumatic fro the baby - Moderate pressure - Produce stress hormones for oxygen deprivation and breathing preparation (absorbing liquid from lungs, producing surfactin) - Stress hormones are good - Babies are hit to recreate the birth pressure |
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Consequences of medication during birth
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1. Short term consequences:
- weaken contractions - baby affected: drowsier - Can't eat since baby keeps falling asleep - Makes the mother stay in labor longer |
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Apgar Scale
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Measures how heathy the baby is
1. Appearance 2. Pulse 3. Grimance ( reflex responsiveness) 4. Activity 5. Respiration Done twice : when they come out and after |
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Brazelton Scale
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1. Neurological intactness on 18 reflex items
2. Interaction abilities on 27 items Used to asses brain damage, biological. |
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Reflexes
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1. Rooting: feeding purposes ( when baby is tapped on the cheek)
2. babinski 3. sucking 4. Grasping 5. Moro ( disappears at 6 months ) 6. Stepping 7. breathing and blinking |
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nREM sleep vs. REM sleep
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nREM = regular sleep
- full rest |
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Auto-stimulation theory
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Stimulation is needed for development; too little is bad, too much is bad. It has to be balanced.
1. Boismeyer study: More visual experience; less REM
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Newborns' hearing preferences
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1. Mother's voice
2. The voice of other women. 3. |
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Newborns perception of echoes
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Babies hear echoes 1. Sound would come from left and right; babies would turn their head to both sides. 2. Adults only hear one |
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Taste
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Facial expressions |
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Smell
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Same discrimination as adults
Recognition of familiar smell MacFarlane - Can young infants discriminate smell of own mom and smell of another woman? |
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Benefits of tactile stimulation
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Babies are more likely to survive - babies in orphanages are less likely to survive because they receive less touch.
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Sight
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1. Due to staying in the womb; baby doesn't really use their eyes inside of the womb.
2. Eyes don't converge (cross eyed) 3. Poor focusing 4. Near adult level by 2 months |
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cues for perception
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1.Kinetic - motion cues/ at birth
2. binocular - when both eyes start working together ( 4 months) 3. pictorial - Interpreting 3D/2D images |
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Development of hear of heights
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1.Falling: it hurts! (operant condition)
2. Social referencing 3. peripheral vision: sense of losing balance Campos study: Certainty group - 4' deep - cross - 40' deep - stop
Uncertain group 12' deep |
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what cues do infants use to segregate objects?
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1. Spatial: if they move together
2. Featural cues: - Color - Pattern - Shape |
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Habituation-Dishabutuation
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1. Habituation: showing the same item over and over again.
2. Dishabituation: presented a new item. Kellman and Spelke study If infants distinguish between new and old information, they should look longer at new information.
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Violation of expectation method
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iugugi
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3 theories of emotional development
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- Gradual differentiation
- Constructive - Adaptations |
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Intersubjectivity; still faced; delayed transmissions.
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Early socialization of babies.
stil faced: mother would put a blank face and stop interacting with baby. delayed transmissions: facetime ( delayed 5 seconds later) |
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Mirror neurons
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Neurons that activate when we see other people people yawning, eating.
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Definitions of temperament
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1. Characteristics of this person that are consistent.
2. A set of inherited personality traits that appear early in life. |
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9 temperament dimensions in NYLS
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1.Mood
2. Threshold( how much it takes to make the baby happy/sad; sensitivity) 3. Approach/withdrawal 4. Adaptability 5. Activity |
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Reactivity and inhibited babies
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1. Inhibited are shy when they're older.
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Theoretical perspectives
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1. Cultural context
2. Environmental leaning 3. Constructive 4. Biological |
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Operant conditioning
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The more I kicked, the faster it moves!! ( remembered after 3 days)
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Constructive theory: overview
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1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Babies are using senses to explore the environment. - no object permanence ( up to 8 months) 2. pre-operational starts at about 2 years. Doesn't really end.
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A-not-B error
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Hiding a coin in one hand, then swapping the coin to the other hand. Baby will pick hand one.
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Operation
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Mental representation; reason thinking.
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Representation
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Visualizing an event; writing with a pen.
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Pre-operational children's thinking ( limits and their consequences )
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Water examples; centration: they can only focus on one aspect)
1. egocentric: can put themselves in the perspectives of others. 2. - Buttons example - water in different containers |
