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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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• Tokugawa Bakufu:
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This was a period of peace and stability from the 16th century to the mid-19th century due to the balance of competing interests of different groups and classes in society. Political center was Edo and employed a policy of official isolation “sakoku”. Trend of more peasant protests, more aggressive protests. Both prosperity and hardship contributed to the sense that times were increasingly “disjoined.” Economic development during the Tokugawa period laid the foundation for modernization and industrialization, but the unevenness of these changes also caused divisions in rural society.
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• Samurai
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Around 7% of the population and in the service of a specific landholding military lord, or a daimyō. Some ways anachronistic because Tokugawa period was peaceful and the importance of commerce grew, in other ways it was an ethical reference point and an object of aspiration to be reasserted/reformulated during times of national crisis.
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• daimyō:
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Title given to the largest landholding military lords ruling over large numbers of vassals. Had a degree of political and economic autonomy in their respective domains – Tokugawa regime was a system of alliances between the central government and the 180 daimyo.
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• Alternate attendance system
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The daimyō were required to maintain residences and live in Edo during alternate years to help stimulate the city’s economy. Wives and children had to remain behind in Edo for a year before the next period of attendance to create “hostage” neighborhoods in Edo that helped the Shogun maintain political control over the daimyō. Movement from domains and Edo helped economic growth along the major roads. Supported a flourishing urban culture.
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• Neo-Confucianism:
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There exists a rational principle for ordering society into a system of proper relationships.
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• Yamamoto Tsunetomo
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Hagakure is based on the seven-years of conversations with a retired Samurai-turned-Buddhist-priest.
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• Chōnin:
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Merchants and craftsmen.
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• Chikamatsu Monzaemon
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Most famous Japanese dramatist of bunraku. Bunraku is a form of puppet theater.
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• Tōkaidō:
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Most important of the Five Routes of the Edo period, connecting Edo to Kyoto in Japan.
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• Ukiyo:
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The floating world or the world of the pleasure quarters. Many of the ideals and fashions of this culture were formed in the pleasure quarters and then disseminated through popular books, plays and woodblock prints.
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• Bakumatsu period
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Final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate came to an end. Characterized by events of 1853-1867 when Japan ended its foreign isolation policy “sakoku” and transitioned from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. Threats to Tokugawa Regime included foreign (Perry and European powers), regional (anti-bakufu domains) and class-based and ideological (an expanding network of anti-bakufu samurai).
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• Rangaku
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Knowledge produced in the West (“Dutch learning”) because Dutch traders in Nagasaki were its primary source.
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• Perry Expedition: (1853
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Perry Expedition arrives in Japan with a fleet of warships – it was a naval and diplomatic expedition from the US. Sought to begin diplomatic and trade relations and ensure the safety of American shipwrecked in Japan. Presented friendship letter from Fillmore. Marked the beginning o the modern era in Japan. Perry intimidated the Japanese by threatening to bombard their cities.
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• Katsu Kaishū
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: Known for his role in the surrender of Edo; he was a Japanese statesman and naval engineer.
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• Meiji Restoration
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: Goals of revising unequal treaties with Western powers, economic development and military power with respect from the West. Samurai stipends beginning to be taxed, abolition of the Tokugawa domain system, right to bear swords restricted to policemen and soldiers.
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• Matsuo Taseko
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With other activists: “a failed revolution”
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• Shishi:
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Group of Japanese political activists of the late Edo period, many different varieties. Mostly low-ranking samurai, but also educated commoners were part of this movement. Supported meritocratic reforms that would give more power to “men of talent.” They embraced the samurai ideal of austerity and criticized the extravagance they associated with rich samurai, daimyo and bakufu officals.
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Revere the emperor; expel the barbarians!” (sonnō jōi
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In many domains through out Japan, political activities rallied around this slogan.
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• Civilization and Enlightenment (bunmei kaika
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): Period of rapid modernization and westernization with the Meiji emperor and ending with his death. Feudal domains abolished and daimyo and samurai were relieved of their special privileges. New agricultural tax instituted to finance and a decimal currency. Aided textiles industry, established railroads and shipping lines. Compluslory coeducational elementary schools.
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• Fukuzawa Yukichi
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: (rich country, strong army), set the stage for economic modernization but also imperialism
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• Charter Oath (1868
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Framed the constitution and laws – stated that all classes should carry out state administration.
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• Imperial Rescript on Education (1890):
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Japan’s national identity was based on a historic bond between benevolent rulers and loyal subjects, and that the fundamental purpose of education was to cultivate virtues, especially loyalty and filial piety.
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• Saigō Takamori
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One of the most influential samurais; leaves government over failure to invade Korea.
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• Iwakura Mission (1871-1873)
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Leading members of the Meiji government traveled throughout the world (US, Europe, European Asian colonies). With the purpose of renegotiating the unequal foreign treaties (failed), and to gather information on education, technology, culture and the military, political and economic institutions of civilized nations.
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• Taiwan Expedition of 1874:
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Official purpose to punish a group of Taiwanese aborigines believed responsible for the murder of 54 people who were shipwrecked in Tawiwan. Alterior motive was to establish colonies and civilize the savages. 30 aborigines were killed by Japanese soldiers – Japan withdrew after China agreed to pay indemnity.
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• Treaty of Kanghwa (1876):
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Japan employed its own “gunboat diplomacy” to pressure Korea into signing this unequal treaty.
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• Sino-Japanese War (1894
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War with the Qing Empire over control of Korea. Ended with the Treaty of Shimonseki which stipulated a massive indemnity from the Qing Empire, control of Taiwan and sphere of influence in Korea.
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• Triple Intervention
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Used by Russia, Germany and France to block China’s territorial concession of the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.
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• Yanagi Munayoshi
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Japanese philosopher and founder of the folk craft movement in Japan.
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