Midieval Europe History Test- April 7

Front 1

monastry

Back 1

religious communities formed by monks

Front 2

feudalism

Back 2

social and political arrangement based on people's need for protection and landowner's need for defense; developed in Europe after fall of Rome, lasted till 1200; supported by loyalty

Front 3

hierarchy

Back 3

orders of rank and authority within different classes of people or organizations

Front 4

oath of fealty

Back 4

promise sworn by vassal saying that he will ramian loyal to the lord

Front 5

vassal

Back 5

lord's landowning subjects

Front 6

knight

Back 6

armed, mounted soldiers

Front 7

fief

Back 7

large estates granted to a warrior as a reward

Front 8

homage

Back 8

to pay homage is like showing honor to their lords

Front 9

manor

Back 9

all land and stuctures owned by lord

Front 10

serf

Back 10

like a slave, but cannot be traded away and are instead forced to stay and work on one piece of land.

Front 11

guild

Back 11

union of people who practiced one trade

Front 12

chivalry

Back 12

code of canduct for knights based on courtesy, honor, defending the weak, and loyalty to one's lord

Front 13

bushido

Back 13

samurai code based on Confucious ideas and honor; means "the way of the warrior"

Front 14

clergy

Back 14

group of people ordained for religious services

Front 15

salvation

Back 15

saving of the soul from hell by accepting beliefs of church, living a moral life, and performing good works

Front 16

excommunication

Back 16

act that deprives someone of membership in the church

Front 17

tithe

Back 17

one-tenth of person's produce paid in money, produce, or labor to the church

Front 18

university

Back 18

guilds of students and teachers

Front 19

crusade

Back 19

the eight wars occuring between 1096- 1270 over control of Jerusalem, four of which European church was part of

Front 20

infidel

Back 20

non- Christian

Front 21

Charlemagne

Back 21

first emperor- crowned by Pope Leo III for support and protection= church supported Charlemagne; encouraged much learning and literature; tried to convert all to Christianity by force; nearly doulbed size of empire= most powerful leader since Rome

Front 22

Pope Leo III

Back 22

crowned Charlemagne emperor because of his need for support and protection of king

Front 23

William the Conquerer

Back 23

first Norman of England; defeated King Harold in Battle of Hastings; used fuedalism to rule

Front 24

King Harold

Back 24

Succeeded King Edward of France to throne; beaten by Edward's cousin William in Battle of Hastings

Front 25

King John

Back 25

allowed powerful landowners to get more power; led England into losing wars and increasing taxation; lost all land in northern France= angry vassals who had fiefs there; had dissagreement w/ pope= shurch shut doors to English; lords rennounced loyalty to king= eventually forced him to sign a document giving more rights to nobles

Front 26

Abbot Sugar

Back 26

Became best friends w/ King Louis VI of France while studing in a monastry; bacame abbot and also king's advisor; tried to increase cooperation between Louis and nobles; developed fairer methods of taxation when lended the crown by Louis's son for about three years

Front 27

Pope Gregory VIII

Back 27

Wanted the church to be free of King's decisions in who was in the clergy; became Pope; excommunicated King Henry IV when he wouldn't agree to Pope's demands; eventually forced Henry to agree in order to cancel excommunications

Front 28

Henry IV

Back 28

was excommunicated by Pope Gregory for appointing posisions in clergy; traveled barefoot to Italy in winter to get Pope's trust back and to meet Pope's demands

Front 29

Pope Urban II

Back 29

persuaded Christians to start crusades; motives- get Jerusalem, unite Eastern Chistians under his rule, putting knight's energy into Chistian service

Front 30

Saladin

Back 30

Greatest leader of Muslim army; name "honoring the faith"; sumpreme ruler of Egypt and Syria; gradually took over crusader states; defeated crusader army at Horns of Hattin mountain valley; took Jerusalem back under Muslim control

Front 31

King Richard

Back 31

called "the lion heart"; military genius, courageous, unstable character; retook land from Saladin, but not Jerusalem; eventually, treaty signed between Saladin and Richard allowing Richard to keep coastal cities to Jaffa and allowing pilgrims to visit Holy Land freely

Front 32

How did fuedalism come to Europe?

Back 32

Charlemagne devide kingsdom into provines (manors) with a lord to rule each one- fuedalism gone after his death; Vikings sailed from Scandinavia- killed, burned cities, took prisoners; William set up fuedal society because people needed protection from Vikings and landowners need defenses.

Front 33

Who were the Vikings?

Back 33

fiece warriors from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden; had boat design that could travel very quickly, easily manuverable, and could go upstream; a lot of rights- women could divorce without consent of husband; farmers for most of year; circular sheilds and swords; fought on water; started training at very young age; CHECK NOTES FOR MORE INFO

Front 34

What were the classes of fuedalism? What did they contribute to the society?

Back 34

Monarch: always the highest class, but lost power to lords

Lords and Nobles: acted as judge, ran manors, occaasionally battled, ladies also helped

Knights: started training at young age as a page, 13-15= squire or apprentice to knight, eventually became knight, followed chivalry code, had fief

Peasants: freemen and serfs gave all produce to lord, everything he owned belonged to lord, occationally tried to escape

Front 35

What led to the growth of towns in the 1000's? How did it contribute to the growth of feudalism

Back 35

foreign trade increased tramendously, the towns were relativevly safe from attacks; guilds formed

Feudalism decined because towns offer other options than to function in a feudal society

Front 36

How do you attack and defend a castle?

Back 36

Attacking: seige toweres, catapults, tunnels under the walls, stong forces

Defending: Gatehouses were not lined up, drawbridges dumped contents into deep ditch, several walls and braces blocked halls, stone walls, moats and ditches, special windows for archers,battlements

Front 37

What are the different parts of a typical manor? What do they do?

Back 37

West, East, and South Fields where farmers farmed. Village green in center. Manor house area had workshop and private garden. Lord had own hunting grounds. Had priest's house and church on grounds. had peasant huts. All allowed to graze in common pasture and meadow

Front 38

What led to William the Conquerer becoming king?

Back 38

William and Norman armies invaded England; William defeated Henry (king of England) in Battle of Hastings

Front 39

What led King John losing many rights of the king? What was the Magna Carta and what did it do?

Back 39

John led England into losing wars and ever-higher taxation. Lost support of nobles, thus lost much power; Magna Carta= means "great charter" document that gave many rights to nobles, had ideas of personal freedom and liberty

Front 40

What were the crsades? Why did they take place?

Back 40

Wars over control of Jerusalem, the Holy Land; Pope Urban urges Christians to gain land from Muslims so all could go there freely

Front 41

The Great Domeday Book

Back 41

a records of the results of surveys taken the ownership of all land; source of info for king's tax agents

Front 42

What was the order in rank of the church clergy?

Back 42

Pope, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, parish

Front 43

What was the Concoradat of Worms and how did it come to be?

Back 43

treaty between kings of Germany and Pope to finally settle disagreement over power to appoint positions in church; allowed pope to choose church leaders