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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Influence of French St. Simonians
-Count Claude de St.Simon (1760- 1825)political economosit who advocated utopian socialism and technological adventures which needed money and long term investment
- experimental with ideology, they believed Ali was an enlightened despot
- Ferdinand de Lesseps built the Suez canal (tried to build the panama canal too)
- laid foundation for egypt becoming indebted to foreign powers because of failing projects (allowed for British reconquest of Egypt)
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)
- led an arab reformist-islamist movement
- his name means son of the slave of God the giver
- opposes worship of Sufi(mystiques), saints and veneration of their shrine
- called for a purity of Islam under the Arab ancestors (Rashidun Caliphs)
- no intercessor between believer and God (not even the prophet)
- called Unitarians (Muwahhidun - one only)
- SALAFIYYA - movement is called this because Salif means ancestor (Islam of the ancestors)
Battle of Navarino (1827)
- naval battle during the Greek War for Independence
- Navies of Russia, France and Britain defeated the the Sultan and Ali's navy (almost ended the war)
- also signaled to Ali the importance of a Navy and the weakness of the Sultan which led him to invade Syria in 1831
- also led to the rapprochement of Egypt (ALI) and France
Amir Bashir Shihab II (1788- 1841)
- the ruler of the Shihabs who ruled Mt. Lebanon from 1697-1842
- Napoleon asked for his help but he refused
- Ali asked for his help in invading Syria and he agreed (potential ally)
- he also converted to Maronite
Suez Canal
- Concession given to Ferdinand de Lesseps
- work started in 1859, Sultan granted approval in 1866, finished in 1869
- grand opening- Eugenie (wife of Napoleon III), Emile Zola (defended Dreyfus 1899), Franz Josef (Austrio-Hungarian emperor, Verdi (wrote opera for the opening - AIDA)
- cost 11.5 million and 1 million for opening (created debt to europe)
- egypt had 177,642 shares of the stock (Britain bought them in 1875)
- concession of the canal for 99 years (Nasser nationalized it in 1956 as opposed to 1968)
- also in 1910 the british suggested extending it another 40 years (butros gali was PM and he put it through the assembly but he was assassinated by a nationalist)
Dinshaway incident (1906)
-British troops were shooting pigeons and accidentally shot a woman
- the troops were killed
- those responsible were killed on the spot
- this was important because it was one of the reasons for all of the political activity in 1907
Balfour Declaration
- November 2, 1917
- Sir Arthur Balfour committed Britain to creating a jewish home in Palestine
- led to a British mandate to complete the Balfour Declaration
- shortly after the Zionist movement, led by Theodore Herzel, in Basle, Switzerland (1897)
White Paper
- 1939
- declared jewish self rule in 10 years
- limited number of immigrants to 15,000 a year (or 75,000 over 5 years
- this met unrest because Jews were upset over the Nazi atrocities and they attacke British officials?
- limitation of purchase of land
- the US had rescinded it in 1942 under the Biltmore Program
- the British eventually sent it to the UN in 1947
-
Biltmore program
- American Zionist movement which met at the Biltmore Hotel in New York (May 1942)
- rescinded the white paper and made Palestine a jewish commonwealth
- they were upset over the Nazi atrocities
- first time the US was involved
Theodore Herzel
- father of Zionism
- led the world zionist movement which first started in Basle Switzerland 1897
- they want a state
- wrote a book in German (The Jewish State)
- the movement went to London and was headed by CHAIM WEIZMAN, who eventually became the first president of Israel
Dreyfus Affair
- 1894
- He was arrested for treason (accused of giving papers to germany)
- convicted, discharged and exiled
- cries of anti-semitism
- Emile Zola came to his defense
-exonerated in 1906
Lord Byron
- fought and died for in the Greek War for Independence (1821-1830)
- died at the age of 36 in 1824
- Europe was in transition from classicism to Romanticism
- Romanticism - exalts the individual and stands for a cause
- Keats(25),Shelby(30), Pushkin(38) all died young
Coffee
- along with Timber(navy), Tobacco, cotton and silk - was one of the reasons for Ali's invasion of Syria
- Came from Ethiopia into Yemen in 1500
- Sufis used it to help them stay awake and listen to God
- spread from the seaport of MUKHA (mocha) all the way through Europe in 1700
- opposed by Ottomans in the 17th century because of its effects
TAHTAWI
- chaplan who went to France with a student mission in 1826
- noticed the decipherment of hieroglyphics
- revolution of 1830 finally brought Louis Philippe to power
- came back and was in charge of language, he pushed for education of women
Sir Evelyn Baring
- aka Lord Cromer
- appointed as agent and consul general in Egypt (1883-1907)
- his retirement helped to lead to egyptian political activity in 1907
King Crane Commission
- Wilson's 14 points: including self determination
- the commission sent to ascertain wishes of the people (June- July 1919)
- Syria would accept mandate by US or Britain but not France
- inclusion of Palestine into a united Syrian State
- saw the new Zionist movement as eventual problem
- France and Britain ignored it (it was shelved until publication in 1922)
- San Remo agreement (april 25, 1920) - France was given mandate over Syria and Lebanon, Britain mandate over Iraq and Palestine
- incorporated treaty of Sevres (August 10, 1920)
Husay-McMahon Correspondence
- July 1915 - March 1916
- Husayn was in control of the Hijaz (holy places)
- Sir Henry McMahon
- they wanted to destroy the Hijaz railway established by the Germans to cut of German and Ottoman troops in the region
- Husayn demanded freedom of Iraq, Syria and Arabia
- British agreed but with vague reservations of borders
- also appointed Husayn Caliph
- eventually led to the arab revolt (june 10, 1916)
- Faysal and T.E Lawrence destroyed the Hijaz Railway
Sykes-Picot agreement
- May 16, 1916
- between Mark Sykes and Georges Picot
- Britain and France (and Russia) were dividing up the region
- division of the fertile crescent
- redrew territory and created states for the first time
- there was also a t reaty between arabs and russia
- it would eventually help lead to San Remo agreement (april 25, 1920) - reaffirmed the Sykes Picot Agreement
Arab Revolt (June 10, 1916)
- Faysal (arab) and TE Lawrence destroy Hijaz Railway and cut off german and ottoman forces in Arabia
- General Allenby leads British and Arab forces (occupy Damascus September 27, 1918)
- French occupy Beirut
- Ottomans withdraw from Syria (November12, 1918)
- Arab government in Damascus (1918-1920)
- Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities between ottomans and everyone else (October 30, 1918)
Treat of Sevres
- August 10, 1920
- Treaty between ottoman sultan and allies (not Mustafa Kemal and his turkish movement)
- incorporated San Remo Agreement (april 25, 1920)
- Italy have zone of influence in ADALIA, France in CILICIA
- Greece was given Thrace up to straits by international commission
- armenian and kurdish problems unresolved
- Kemal's victory forced them to re-evaluate and sign a new treaty at LAUSANNE
Treaty of Lausanne
- July 24, 1923
- after Mustafa Kemal consolidated power (defeated greeks 3 times, treaty with Italy, France and Britain, defeated Sultan, rallied support of troops)
- Thrace was divided between Greece and Turkey (they got Edirne)
- Straits given back to Turkey but open to all
- Mosuc given to Iraq in 1925
- Hagia Sophia turned into a museum