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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anti-Semitism
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Popular term for prejudice against or persecution of Jews
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Nationalism
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1) Desire of a group of people to preserve or obtain common statehood; (2) ideology stressing loyalty to the nation-state or seeking independence of a national group
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Haskalah
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Era of Jewish enlightenment during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
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Pogrom
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Organized massacre of Jews
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Aliya
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Jewish immigration to Israel
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Olim
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Jewish immigrants to Israel
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Kibbutz
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Jewish settlement in Israel, initially agricultural, now mainly industrial, in which most property is collectively owned
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Tel Aviv
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Coastal city and commercial center in Israel
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Jewish National Fund
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Zionist land-purchasing and development agency in Palestine/ Israel, founded in 1901
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Arab Legion
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Former name of the army of Transjordan (and Jordan)
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Revisionist Party
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Right-wing Zionist movement founded by Jabotinsky
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Hajj Amin al-Husayni
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Mufti of Jerusalem and early Palestinian nationalist leader
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Jewish Agency
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Organization set up under the Palestine mandate to work with Britain toward the Jewish national home; later charged with aiding Jewish immigration and absorption into Israel
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Haganah
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Jewish Agency's army in Palestine ( 1920-1948)
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Passfield White Paper
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British official report blaming both Jews and Arabs for the 1929 Wailing Wall riots in Palestine
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Peel Commission
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British committee that visited Palestine in 1937 and first recommended partition into Jewish and Arab states
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David Ben-Gurion
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Zionist pioneer, writer, politician, and defense and prime minister of Israel (1948-1953 and 1955-1963)
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Biltmore Program
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American Zionist resolution in 1942 openly demanding a Jewish state in Palestine
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Stern Gang Irgun
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Right-wing Zionist guerrilla group, commanded by Begin and active up to 1948
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Folke Bernadotte
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Swedish UN mediator, murdered during the 1948 Palestine war
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Palestinian
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Inhabitant of Palestine; now the term used for Arabs who live in Palestine, came from there, or descend from emigrants from that land
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United Nations Relief and Works Agency
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International organization providing aid and education to Palestinian refugees since 1949
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Biqa' Valley
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Predominantly Shi'i valley in eastern Lebanon
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Nationalist Party
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Syria's main party after World War II
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Ba'th Party
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Arab nationalist and socialist party ruling Syria since the 1960s and Iraq (1968-2003)
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Rashid Ali al-Gaylani
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Leader of the 1941 Arab nationalist government in Iraq, overthrown by the British
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Positive Neutralism
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Nasir's policy of not siding with either the communist countries or the West but seeking to reconcile the two blocs
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Ashkenazim
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Jews whose recent ancestors came from Eastern or Central Europe
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Mizrachim
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Jews whose ancestors came from Spain, Portugal, or the Muslim world; sometimes called Sephardim.
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Knesset
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Israel's unicameral legislature
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Mapai Party
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Israel's moderate labor party
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Likud Party
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Coalition of Israel's right-wing parties, in power from 1977 to 1984, in coalition with Labor ( 1984-1990) and with the religious parties ( 1990-1992 and 1996-)
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National Religious Party
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Largest party of observant Jews in Israel
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Fidaiyin
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Commandos, or people who sacrifice themselves for a cause, often applied to Palestinians fighting against Israel or to militant Shi'is
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Eilat
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Israel's port on the Gulf of Aqaba
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Aswan
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(1) City in Upper Egypt; (2) site of the High Dam, built for Egypt by the USSR ( 1958-1970)
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Port Said
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Egyptian city at which the Suez Canal meets the Mediterranean
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Yasir Arafat
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Palestinian Arab nationalist, founder of al-Fatah, PLO chairman, and Palestinian Authority’s president (1996-2004)
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al-Fatah
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Palestinian guerrilla group founded by Yasir Arafat
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Moshe Dayan
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Israeli general and political leader ( 1915-1981)
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Bar Lev Line
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Israel's defense line east of the Suez Canal breached by Egypt in October 1973
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War of Attrition
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Artillery and air struggle between Egypt and Israel (1969-1970)
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Anwar Sadat
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President of Egypt ( 1970-1981)
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Shatt al-Arab
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Confluence of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, contested in Iran-Iraq War
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Golda Meir
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Israel's prime minister ( 1969-1974)
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Saddam Husayn
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Iraq's president ( 1979-), who began the Iran-Iraq War ( 1980-1988) and invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to Operation Desert Storm in 1991
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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a group formed in 1960 to maintain a minimum price for oil
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Menachem Begin
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Leader of Israel's right-wing Likud coalition and prime minister (1977-1983)
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Hafiz al-Asad
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President of Syria ( 1970-2000); his son, Bashar (ba_SHAR) [of same surname] succeeded him
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Separation-of-Forces Agreement
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Kissinger's formula to secure Israel's withdrawal from some lands taken in the October War
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Camp David Accords
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(2) site of intensive peace talks by Begin, Carter, and Sadat in September 1978; (3) adjective applied to the Egyptian-Israeli accords or to the 1979 peace treaty
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Phalanges
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Paramilitary organization dedicated to preserving Maronite Christian dominance in Lebanon
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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
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Leader of Iranian revolution ( 1978-1979) and faqih ( 1979-1989)
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Revolutionary Guards
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Iranian-organized Islamic guerrilla movement active in various Middle Eastern countries
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Iran-Iraq War
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Ideological and territorial conflict between Iran and Iraq ( 1980-1988)
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Iran-Contra Affair
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Reagan administration's arms sales to Iran to secure release of American hostages in Lebanon and donation of the proceeds to aid Contra insurgents in Nicaragua
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Husni Mubarak
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Egypt's president ( 1981-)
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Gush Emunim
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Bloc of the Faithful; group of religiously observant Israeli settlers on the West Bank (Militant)
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Hizballah
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Religious Shi'i party in Lebanon
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Sabra & Shatila
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Beirut refugee camps, site of 1982 massacre of Palestinians
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al-Qa'ida
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Network of militant Islamic organizations, led by Osama bin Laden
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Desert Shield
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U.S. name for the multinational military buildup in Saudi Arabia opposing Iraq's occupation of Kuwait
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Desert Storm
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U.S. name for the multinational operation that attacked Iraq and drove its troops from Kuwait in 1991
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Mostaz'afan
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People who have been dispossessed as a result of westernizing policies
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Intifada
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Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation ( 1987-1990)
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Hamas
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Palestinian Islamist group
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Hariri, Rafik
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Mountain city in western Arabia, near Mecca; site of 1989 conference that provided for restructuring Lebanese politics
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Osama Bin Laden
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Leader of al-Qa’ida, originally from Saudi Arabia, operating in Afghanistan until 2001
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Yitzhak Rabin
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Israeli prime minister ( 1974-1977 and 1992-1995)
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Palestine Authority
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Political organization set up by Oslo I agreement to administer areas relinquished by Israel to the Palestinians.
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Ariel Sharon
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Israeli general and war minister during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon
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Kurdish Workers Party
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Kurdish independence movement that rebelled in SE Turkey (1984-1999).
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Ahmad Chalabi
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Leader of Iraqi National Congress, who advocated US invasion of Iraq
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Iraqi National Congress
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Organization, led by Ahmad Chalabi, which advocated US invasion of Iraq in 2003 to overthrow Saddam Husayn's government.
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Road Map
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Plan for Israeli-Palestinian peace, to be achieved in stages, prepared in 2002 by George W. Bush with European Union, Russia, and the UN, but not accepted by Israel
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Mahmud Abbas
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Palestinian prime minister (2003) and president (2005-)
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