Middle East History Exam2

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Seljuk Turks

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Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture

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Konya

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city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey occupied by the Ottomans

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Osman

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was the leader of the Ottoman Turks and the founder. Ruled until 1324.

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Beyezid I

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Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402

In 1394.T his initial period of Ottoman expansion came to an end during the reign

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Mehmed I

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sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421

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Yeni Cheri

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the Orthodox Patriarchate

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Shariah

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The Moral Code or religious law

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Ulama

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contemporary usage by Muslims refers to the religious elite of scholars at the top of the sectarian hierarchy.

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Sulieman the Magnificent

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longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.

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John Sobieski

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1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Capitulations

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were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers.Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their homeland.

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Muhammad ibn Abd al-wahhab

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was a preacher and scholar from Nejd in central Arabia who founded an Islamic movement today often known as "Wahhabism"

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Lord Byron

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joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire, for which many Greeks revere him as a national hero

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Mehmet Alie (Egypt)

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Ottoman Albanian commander in the Ottoman army,

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Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi, 1833

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was a treaty signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire which was a straightforward alliance. Upon request of the Russian's the sultan would close any foreign vessels of war to enter.

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Ferdinand de Lesseps

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French diplomat and later developer of the Suez Canal, which in 1869 joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas, substantially reducing sailing distances and times between the West and the East.

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Dual Controllers (Egypt)

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Egyptian revenue and expenditure were placed under the supervision of a British and a French controller.

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the Tanzimat

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reorganization of the Ottoman Empire. characterized by various attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against nationalist movements

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Hatt-iHumayan

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Reendorsed the Hatt-i Sharif and the Tanzimat, but was far more specific. It granted non-muslims the rights and privileges that muslims possessed.

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Young Ottomans

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sought to transform Ottoman society by preserving the empire and modernizing along the European tradition of adopting a constitutional government

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Ottoman Public Debt Administration

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established in 1881 to collect the payments which the Ottoman Empire owed to European companies in the Ottoman public debt.

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Mustafa Kemal

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Turkish army officer, reformist statesman, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey.

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Young Turks

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were a political reform movement in the early 20th century, favoring replacement of the absolute monarchy of theOttoman Empire with a constitutional monarchy.

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Al-Fatat

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Its aims were to gain independence and unity for various Arab territories then under the Ottoman rule.

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Anatolia

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the region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west.

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Ghazi Warriors

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Leadership of armed forces that helped foster Islamic territories. Equal socially and politically; aristocracy derived from actions and leadership rather tan blood.

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Battle of Kossovo, 1389

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took place on 15 June 1389[ between the army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, and the invading army of the Ottoman Empire

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Timur Leng

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was a Turko-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia.

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Sipahi

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was holder of a fief granted directly by the Ottoman sultan and was entitled to all of the income from it in return for military service.

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Mehmed II

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he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire.

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Mamluks

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is an Arabic designation for slaves.

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Grand Vizir

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was the prime minister of the Ottoman sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissible only by the sultan himself.

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Millet System

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was a separate legal court pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community was allowed to rule itself under its own system.

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Mehmed Koprulu

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a family of viziers, warriors, and statesmen who dominated the administration of the Ottoman

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Treaty of Karlowitz, 1699

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concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–97 in which the Ottoman side had been defeated at the Battle of Zenta.

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Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji

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1774, peace treaty signed at the end of the first of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Mahmud II

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30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.

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Treaty of Andrianople

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concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Opened up ports and vessels for trade.

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Ibrahim (Egypt)

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He served as a general in the Egyptian army. Eldest son of Muhammad Ali.

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Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Agreement, 1838

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was passed in 1838 between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire.

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Evelyn Baring

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British statesman, diplomat and colonial administrator.

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Colonel Ahmad Urabi

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was a nationalist Egyptian and an officer of the Egyptian army.

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Hatt-I Sharif

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Was a demonstration to Europe that the Ottoman Empire was capable of self-preservation and reorganization to withstand pressures from Christian ethnic groups for independence.

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Maronites

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are an ethno-religious group situated in the Levant, mainly in the area of modern Lebanon.

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Vatan

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Greco-Ottoman War of 1897

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Thirty Days' War, was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire.

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Committee of Union and Progress

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Sharif Husain

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was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917

The head of the Arab revolt and keeper of the Holy places in Mecca.

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The Triumphirate

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The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader.