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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Ottomans recruited...
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christian kids and put them into schools to prepare them for a life of service
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the ones that went into the military were called...
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Janisseries
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Janisseries were the backbone of the Ottoman Empire and they were not allowed to...
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marry or establish any links with their families
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The main reason for the decline of the Ottoman Empire was...
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the break up of the Janissery Institution. They started to marry ect
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The Empire could not keep up with...
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the changes in technology and war
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Wahhabism:
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a new form of Sunni Islam that tried to revive strict Sunni Islam. Eventually became religion of Saudi Arabia and is followed by the Taliban
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Wahhabism did not like...
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innovation or modernization of the belief system, and no new interpretations
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Suffism:
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An approach to spirituality that said God to man was a relationship of love and friendship
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Wahhabists vs Suffists and The Empire:
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they were very hostile toward Suffists. They also tried to destroy the new Ottoman Empire
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Europeans became interested in the Ottoman Empire because....7 reasons
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1. Imperialism
2. Glory 3. Industrial Revolution was going on and they needed materials 4. They wanted ports 5. There is a population growth 6. They were worried about Russia gaining territories 7. Europeans became worried when Muhammad Ali took control |
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Imperialism:
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European countries subjugate nations and strive to gain the most territories. Main goal was to gain the most territories with natural resources
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The French Civilizations purpose was to...
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bring enlightenment to the world
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The British purpose was
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to enlighten themselves
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You have influence from afar:
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Imperialism
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You exert direct control:
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Colonialism
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Christian mission was a form of:
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Imperialism
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reason they spread Christianity..
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1. the end of the world will not arrive (Jesus wont come again) unless everyone is Christian
2. they weren't human unless/until they were Christian |
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Egyptian society was homogeneous or society was ethnic (like Ottomans)
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More homogeneous
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Muhammad Ali was like this philosopher:
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Machiavelli
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Muhammad Ali knew in order to revitalize society, they needed
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European organization, techonlogy, and education
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Who benefited from the Reform Process?
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People connected with Europeans, the upper class, and laborers
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Who didnt benefit and why?
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The Religious class because they were custodians of traditions of the past which was being changed
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Why was it good to be connected with the Europeans?
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You had protection and better land
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The Reform enabled states to...
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become more efficient
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In WW1 the Middle East suffered even though it had nothing to do with it. Iran especially....4 points
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1. Iranian neutrality was violated by everyone
2. resources were exploited 3. there was a famine where many suffered and died 4. looked like Iran was disintegrating |
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1917 Russian Revolution: Communists took over and said...
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we no longer have desire to expand and gain territory
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this made ____ most powerful in the Middle East...
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Britain
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British major advantage during WW1 because of Iran...
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They had the rights to all oil in Iran which allowed the military to operate at full force
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Iranians opposed the British. Reza Shah becomes powerful leader in Iran and tells the British...
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support me and I will bring stability to Iran. If not there is chaos (he exploited British fears)
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Reza Shah becomes King...he was one of only
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2 Shahs in Iranian history. The 2nd was his son
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Armenians wanted...
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independence from the Ottomans
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Sultan Hameed was the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He...3 points
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1. suppressed the Constitution
2. put emphasis on Islam 3. tried to unite the population against foreigners (Russia) |
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He was very paranoid and set up...
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spying networks
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In the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was in disarray. Certain areas...
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took advantage of confusion and declared independence
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the Young Turks knew the Ottoman Empire couldn't be saved. They concentrated on..
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making a strong Turkey but had major difficulty in running the country
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WW1- Germany became powerful fast. Extremist leaders...
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scared Europe and an arms race began
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The people cheered it on because..
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there hadn't been a war in decades and thought it would fix Europe's problems and be over quick
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the Ottoman Empire joined..
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Germany and Austria
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After the war the Ottoman Empire was in shambles. There was a deal to give...
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part of Turkey to Greece but the Turks defeated the Greeks trying to take the land
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the Ottoman Empire was completely dissolved by
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1924
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Alta Turk became...
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the symbol of Turkey
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He introduced..
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science and helped Turkey make progress
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He tried to reconstruct the Constitution on the basis of...
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Nationalism
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He moved in the direction of European..
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norms and standards of civilization
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Reza was stern...
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proper and kept his military ways
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Turk was loose scheduled...
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and a partyer. He was a womanizer and an alcoholic
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Reza: Language...
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said you must keep the old way
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Turk: Language...
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altered alphabet and language. Old alphabet in Turkey was almost completely gone
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Reza: British
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was very close with them and owes a lot of his success to them
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Turk: British...
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Fought them in order to obtain his power
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Both men responsible for tremendous pain put upon...
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others. they suppressed others
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Both: role of women...
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both changed the role of women for the better
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Reza: Image...
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his image and legacy almost vanished
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Turk: image...
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strong legacy, Turkish army held onto his secularism
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The Suez Canal was built with...
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European money and Egyptian labor
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Egypt thought with the canal it would...
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-now be part of Europe
-show that that they are civilized -they also built opera house |
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The British were interested in Egypt because of...
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how fast they could reach India
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Egypt borrowed large sums to build the canal...3 points
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1. They tried to repay by selling their shares in the canal
2. The British bought a lot of them 3. By 1876 Egypt couldn't pay anymore. The British and French sent finance ministers to make sure any revenue Egypt made was paid to them |
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Muhammad Ali's son revolted against this and the British...
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had him removed by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
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Egypt looked for a new ruler who was...
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more cooperative with the Europeans
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There were heavy taxes in Egypt which were too much to handle. The ruling class was..
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non Egyptian and they discriminated against Egyptians and would not let them in Government
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A protest began by...
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Orabi. His slogan was Egypt for Egyptians
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Initially the British and French exerted...
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pressure on the Egyptian rulers to control the situation
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But soon the British took military action...3 points
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-they began to occupy Egypt
-Orabi was exiled -Britain now ruled Egypt, it was colonized |
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Lord Cromer:
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British Imperialist. He was the Lord of Egypt.
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Cromer did a lot to make Egypt more profitable...2 points
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-Helped repay debts
-showed them how to build irrigation to make more crops |
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1906 the British shoot and injure a woman. People revolt and...
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hurt a British soldier who later dies. Large numbers of villagers are tried by the military. Most are found guilty of murder and 4 are hanged in public
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This incident gives...
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the Egyptian movement more ammunition. The struggle to be freed from the British continues
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In WW1, Middle Easterners developed an attitude of...
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neutrality
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Ottomans entered on the side of the Germans. They tried to capture...
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the Suez Canal but the British came to defend it. The Middle East became a place of conflict
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British tried to end the Ottomans by..
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invoking a revolt
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Shareef Hussein :
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Leader of the Arabs
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The British made promises to Shareef in order to...
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create conflict between Arabs and Ottomans
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McMahon:
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Successor to Lord Cromer
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British promise to the Arabs...
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If you rebel against the Ottomans, then after the war the British will provide financial aid and give independence to certain areas
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The Arab revolt started and as a result, Ottomans...
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publicly hanged Arabs
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This angered the Arabs who started a rebellion. They...
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sabotaged Ottoman railroads.
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Lawrence of Arabia became..
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a close adviser of Shareef's and he helped them plan attacks
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Sykes Picot Agreement:
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Before the rebellion, the British and the French had secret negotiations on how to split up the Middle East
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The Russians...
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knew of this Agreement and were given territories as well
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The Russian Revolution made...
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the Sykes Picot Agreement public
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Chaim Weizman:
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Soon to be first president of Israel
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Arthur Balfour:
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British Prime Minister
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Rothschild:
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Leader of the British Zionist movement
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These 3 worked together to..
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construct a Jewish homeland
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Balfour Declaration:
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proposed a Jewish State in Palestine. Said they wouldn't hurt the civil and religious rights of people living there
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The Arabs saw this as...
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total betrayal
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Soon all the Middle Eastern areas were taken by...
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Britain and France.
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Versailles Peace Treaty said...
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territories formally governed by Ottoman Empire will eventually be independent but for the time being, controlled by Britain and France
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Middle Eastern countries began..
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rebelling in many areas. There was a lot of bloodshed
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Europe used the Middle East for..
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resources for a long time. The Middle East figured out that they had been told lies
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