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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the 4th invasion of Britain? What period of English does this lead us to? |
It was the invasion done in 1066, by the Viking descended French Normans. Both Harold Godwinson, William of Normandy and King Harald Hardrade were competing for the English throne. William came out on top. This marks the start of the MIDDLE ENGLISH period, from 1100-1500. |
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What was the situation of French in England following the Norman invasion? |
French became the language of the elite in England, due to norman influence. French was spoken by about 5% of the population. It was the language of the nobility and the church. |
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What effect did French have on English vocabulary? |
French influx of words into English happened on a large scale in the 1300s and the 1400s. 10 000 words came in from French, and introduced whole new lexical fields. BORROWINGS - French borrowed words in many cases squeezed out the Old English forms. Sometimes they BOTH remain, but they have different meanings. Example: DEER doesn't mean animal, like it does in german and norwegian. Animal is french, and took the role of that word. both words are still present in the English language though. |
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What are French/Germanic doublets? |
They are words which have pretty much the same meaning, except the Germanic version is more informal and the French version is often more formal. Example: Freedom/Liberty Hearty welcome/Cordial Reception |
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What in the end happened to French in Britain? |
Despite being the language of power for a few centuries in Britain, French lost out to English even amongst the powerful by the end of the 14th century. Lots of words came into English from French, but French itself lost out to the language of the commoners. |
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What was Chancery English? |
Chancery English was a form of English which sort of turned into the standard form of English. It was a combination of the dialect spoken in London and the East midlands. It was a form used by the monarchy and the administration, and later influenced a lot by immigrants from the East Midlands. |
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What did the introduction of the Printing Press mean for English? |
William Caxton introduced the printing press. Printing means STANDARDIZATION. It levelled alot of the differences in dialect in Britain, and the standard printed form became the prestige form. The egges or eyren problem? The rise of printing in the late 1400s also started a new period for English, the EARLY MODERN period. |
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When was the early modern period? What are some important events of this period? |
The early modern English period lasted from 1500-1800 more or less. The REFORMATION and The king James bible. William Shakespeare and his plays The renaissance and LATIN Samuel Johnson and the dictionary. |
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What did The renaissance mean for English? |
Publishing EXPLODED, due to more focus on science and the introduction of printing. This meant more standardization and Increased use of vernacular dialects. Old prestigeous languages no longer so powerful. English languages grows in usage and "power", expands into domains like Science, art, administration LATIN Latin was still the language of the learned in the renaissance and became a lingua Franca of the time, especially as knowledge had to cross linguistic borders, a need for a lingua franca arose. LATIN influence is the key influences of English in the early modern era, just as French was the one in the Middle English Era. |
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What are LATIN triplets? |
We had cases of 2 words with the same meaning appearing in English. One French derived and one Germanic derived. Now we even have TRIPLETS, where we have a case of a doublet, with an ADDED LATIN version different from the french version. |
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What effect did the Reformation have on English? |
With the reformation, English moves away from Latin. The protestants want religion in their own native language, not to be lectures in Latin which they do not understand. The King James Bible was a monarchy approved bible of 1611, and was very influential on English and it's power in society. |
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What influence did Shakespeare have on English? |
He proved the "existence" of a lot of words, due to all his written works. They were probably already in use, but he provides the first attestations of their existence. And he coins a lot of terms that still are in use today, like FOUL PLAY. |
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What was Samuel Johnson and the dictionary of English? |
Samuel Johnson wrote a dictionary and these dictionaries terms tend to stick around because people are repeatedly exposed to them. Samuel Johnsons dictionary ends the early modern period. |
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KEY WORDS OF THIS ERA |
STANDARDISATION - The tendency for vernaculars to lose power Codification - When a variety is written down in Grammar books, dictionaries and so on. Prescriptivism - When there is a way you SHOULD speak and write and a way that you shouldn't speak and write. |
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MODERN ENGLISH |
Samuel Johnsons influential dictionary of English marks the end of the early modern era of English. |
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What is meant by the phenomenon of pronounciation changing but spelling NOT changing? |
English pronounciation and English spelling does not match each other much at all. Example: night: [nɪxt] (Middle English) [ni:t] (Late Middle English) [nəɪt] (Early Modern English) [naɪt] (Modern English) |
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What was the great vowel shift? |
Old and Middle English made much use of Long vowels. But in the transition to Early modern English, the LONG VOWELS were lost. The great vowel shift only affected long vowels. This means that a word like BID was not affected, but BIDE, was affected. Bide was probably pronounced biiide, but now it is pronounced like BIDE. It began in the 15th century, and changed the sound of all the long vowels, while the spelling has mostly remained the same since then. |
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What is the Silent E? |
The silent -E is part of the great vowel shift. It changes the pronounciation of a word a lot. It's a way of signalizing that the preceding vowel has a different quality. English has a lot of Silent Es. Huge, Hate, Name. These Es used to be pronounced, but were eliminated with time. |
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What is DO-support? |
The word DO in questions and negation enters the language around shakespeares time. Example: Do we not bleed? this was "optional" in shakespeares time though. |
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Thou and Thee. What happened to these pronouns? |
These forms have infact died out, and were considered informal forms of the pronoun. They are considered more formal though, due to being used in the King James bible, and in Shakespeares plays. |
