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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lord
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landowner
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fief
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land granted by the lord
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vassal
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person receiving a fief
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knights
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mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords' lands in exchange for fiefs
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serfs
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people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born
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manor
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lord's estate
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tithe
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church tax
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chivalry
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devotion to earthly feudal lord, heavenly Lord, chosen lady
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tournaments
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mock battles
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troubadours
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traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe
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clergy
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bishops and priests
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sacraments
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important religious ceremonies
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canon law
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church law
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Holy Roman Empire
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strongest state in Europe until 1100
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lay investiture
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ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
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simony
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bishops sold positions in the church
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Gothic
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new style of architecture
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Urban II
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issued a call for the Crusade
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Crusade
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holy war to gain control of Holy Land
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Saladin
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Kurdish warrior and Muslim leader that defeated the Europeans
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Richard the Lion-Hearted
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lead the Crusades and agreed to a truce with Saladin
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Reconquista
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long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain
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Inquisition
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court held by the church to suppress heresy
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three-field system
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two of the fields were planted and the other lay resting for a year
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guild
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organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members
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Commercial Revolution
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expansion of trade and business
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burghers
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merchant-class town dwellers
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vernacular
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everyday language of homeland
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Thomas Aquinas
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argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
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scholastics
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scholars that met at great universities
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William the Conqueror
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duke of Normandy who claimed the English throne
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Henry II
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married Eleanor of Aquitaine of France
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common law
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unified body of law formed by the rulings of England's royal judges
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Magna Carta
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guaranteed certain basic political rights
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parliament
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legislative group
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Hugh Capet
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undistinguished duke from the middle of France
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Philip II
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set out to weaken the power of English kings in France
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Estates-General
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helped to increase royal power against the nobility
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Avignon
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new residence of the pope instead of Rome
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Great Schism
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split in the church
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John Wycliffe
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preached the Jesus Christ was the true head of the Church, not the pope
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Jan Hus
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taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope
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bubonic plague
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killed one-third of the population of Europe
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Hundred Years' War
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fight for the French throne
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Joan of Arc
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felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors
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