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115 Cards in this Set

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Primary Source

document or artifact created by a person who witnessed a historical event

Secondary Source
work produced about a historical event by someone not actually there
Nomads
members of a group of people who have no set home but move from place to place
Migrate (migration)
process of relocating to a new region
Agriculture
planting seeds to raise crops
Domesticate
to adapt or breed plants or animals for human use
City-state
political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands
Scribes
people who specialized in writing and record keeping
Fertile Crescent
region stretching from the Persian Gulf northwest up the Tigris and Euphrates
Empire
group of territories and peoples brought together under one supreme ruler
Tribute
payment made in return for protection
Social Class
group of people with similar customs, backgrounds, training, and income
Irrigation
watering dry land by using ditches, pipes, or streams
Specialization
skill in one type of work
Artisans
people trained in a particular skill or craft
Polytheism
belief in many gods and goddesses (*Sumerians)
Exile
forced removal from one’s homeland, often to lands far away
Provinces
governmental divisions like states
Be able to explain the relationship between surplus and the Agricultural Revolution
the Agricultural Revolution led to a surplus in food (surplus: having more than is needed to survive) *Agriculture developed in areas where water was available, such as in river valleys
Know what the Agricultural Revolution was and when it began
The shift from food gathering to food producing. 8000 B.C. OR 10,000 years ago
Know and be able to explain the relationship between surplus and specialization
Surplus meant that workers were able to specialize in different trades- become artisans. *Examples of artisans: potters, cloth makers, carpenters, toolmakers, etc.
Meaning of Mesopotamia and what modern day country it is in- Mesopotamia
means ‘Land between rivers/waters’. Which two rivers? Tigris and Euphrates (in Iraq)
Reason why the area around the Tigris and Euphrates was so good for farming
Rivers flooded causing deposits of fertile silt to wash on bank
What do most historians call ‘the first civilization’?
Sumeria
‘Picture writing’ used by early Sumerians and other civilizations like the Chinese and Egyptians
Pictographs
This was the wedge shaped writing of the Sumerians
cuneiform
This was the most important structure in a Sumerian city
A temple. A step Pyramid- Ziggurat
Be able to identify what the Sumerians made their houses out of:
Sun dried bricks and reeds
Sargon was known for
Creating the worlds 1st empire by taking over the whole region of Sumeria. (Sargon was from Akkad. So, it was then called Akkadia.*) *A person who rules an empire is an emperor.
Hanging Gardens: who they were built by and that they are one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World:
Built by Chaldean Emperor Nebuchadnezzar
Hammurabi was known for? What did his code consist of:
his strict code of law (‘an eye for an eye’) - the laws that the people of the Babylonian Empire had to follow
Who was Cyrus the Great?
King of Persia who ruled with a policy of toleration
How did Cyrus the Great make his empire easier to govern with less resistance from conquered people?
He set up a policy of toleration, meaning he allowed people to keep their customs and beliefs
Darius was known for
Extending the boundaries of the Persian Empire
Some steps he took to unite his empire were
He split it into provinces and appointed ‘satraps’ to rule like governors; built the royal road; set up a rule of law; minted coins to make trade and tax easier
Monotheism
belief in one god
Judaism
monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the writings of the Hebrew Bible
Exodus
migration of the Israelites from Egypt
Torah (What it is and be able to name the books)
first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
Covenant
binding agreement
David
king of the Israelites who won control of Jerusalem in 1000 B.C.
Solomon
David’s son, who became the third king of Israel about 962 B.C.
Saul
the first king of the Israelites
Babylonian Captivity
50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon
Messiah
Hebrew word that means an “anointed one” charged with some task or leadership
Prophets
spiritual leaders who were thought to have a special ability to interpret God’s word
Zealots
group of Jews who led a rebellion
Diaspora
movement of the Jews to other parts of the world
Rabbis
Jewish leaders and teachers
Synagogues
places for Jewish prayer and worship
What was the covenant that existed between God and Abraham?
Abraham promised to obey God and in return God would protect Abraham and his descendants and give them a homeland
What was 'the promised land' and why was it called this?
Canaan. It was believed that in the book of Genesis, God told Abraham to settle there.
The Hebrews in Canaan took a new name, it was
The Israelites
Who were the fathers of the 12 tribes of Israel?
Jacob’s 10 sons and 2 grandsons
Why did the Jews leave Canaan for Egypt?
There was a terrible famine
How were the Israelites treated in Egypt?
At first in a position of honor, but then became slaves
What was the migration of the Israelites from Egypt called?
The Exodus
Who led the Hebrews out of Egypt?
Moses
What happened after the Israelites left Egypt?
They spent 40 years wandering in the desert
What did Moses receive on Mt. Sinai?
The 10 Commandments
Who were the leaders of the Israelites for the next 200 years after their return to Canaan?
Judge
Why did the Israelites need to combine under one ruler?
To fight the philistines
Who were Saul, David, and Solomon?
Saul was chosen as the first leader of the Israelites by the people. Under his ruling, they fought the Philistines. After Saul died, David became the next king of the Israelites. Under David’s ruling, the Israelites drove out the Philistines again and took control of Jerusalem and made the city his capital. His son, Solomon, was chosen to succeed him. Under his ruling, Israel became a powerful nation. (All of this is on page 62)
What did Solomon build?
The temple
Why did the northern tribes of Israel refuse to be loyal to Rehoboam?
They would not vow loyalty until Rehoboam agreed to lighten their taxes and work load due to the building of Solomon’s temple
What happened as a result of their refusal?
The kingdom split into two—Judah and Israel
Where do the words Judaism & Jews come from?
The southern region of Judah
The Babylonian Captivity began when King Nebuchadnezzar attacked what city?
Jerusalem
During the Babylonian Captivity, the Jews were awaiting a messiah, an heir to the throne of David. During times of trouble, they would turn to spiritual leaders or ___________ for advice.
Prophets *They were thought to have a special ability to interpret God’s word.
Who destroyed the temple?
The 1st time: Babylonians The 2nd time: Romans
Who freed the Jews from Babylonian Captivity?
Cyrus the Great
What people introduced Greek culture in Jerusalem, even going so far as to put Greek god statues in the temple?
Syrians. *This caused great conflict between the Syrians and the Jews
Jewish group that regained control of Jerusalem in 164 BC:
The Maccabees- led by Juda Maccabee
After the Syrians, who was the next group to conquer Judah?
The Romans
What is the holiest Jewish shrine today? Where is it located?
The western portion of the wall of the Jewish temple
What was the Diaspora:
Greek word meaning scattered. It refers to the exile and movement of the Jews from their homelands to other parts of Europe
What is the religion of the Jews today?
Judaism
Cataracts
high waterfall or rapids *These churn in the southern part of the Nile River
Delta
triangle-shaped deposit of rich soil near a river’s mouth
Quarried
obtained stone by cutting, digging, or blasting
Shadoof
a tool that Egyptian farmers used to move water between the Nile and a canal, a canal and a catch basin, or a catch basin and a field
Embalm
to preserve a body after death
Papyrus
paper-like material made from the stems of the papyrus reed
Dynasty
family or group that rules for several generations
Pharaoh
ruler of ancient Egypt. *The pharaoh of Egypt was thought to be both king and god
Mummy
body prepared for burial according to ancient Egyptian practice—dried to prevent dec
Hieroglyphs
pictures that stand for words or sounds
Pyramid
ancient Egyptian structure, built over or around a tomb. It is a triangular-shaped structure with four sides that meet at a point.
Silt
fine, fertile soil carried by rivers and deposited on nearby lands
Obelisk
pillar-shaped stone monument
How were the rivers of Mesopotamia & the rivers of Egypt similar?
They both flooded and deposited fertile silt on the banks that was good for farming
The Nile would flood each year due to rainfall in which area?
The Ethiopian Plateau
Which direction does the Nile flow?
South to North
Why does it flow that way?
It flows from an area of higher elevation to an area of lower elevation *It was easy to travel both north and south by boat
When traveling ________, Nile River boats raised sails to be pushed by the wind
south
Name Egypt’s Natural barriers (3):
Desert—Sahara; Sea—Red & Mediterranean; Cataracts--Waterfalls
Why is King Tut so famous to us?
His is the only tomb that was discovered intact and not robbed
During what kingdom were the pyramids built?
During the Old Kingdom
What were pyramids used for?
They were used as tombs
Where were pharaohs buried during the new kingdom?
In the Valley of the Kings
Why did they stop burying the pharaohs in pyramids?
Grave Robbers
What type of religion did the Egyptians have?
Polytheism
What were 2 things Egyptians used geometry for?
Re-mark land boundaries after the flooding of the river and for building pyramids
What is the biggest pyramid and who built it?
The Great Pyramid built by Kh
Why did he build it?
He wanted a monument that would show the world how great he was
Why was Giza built?
As a city to house the workers that were working on the pyramid
Who invaded Egypt during the 13th Dynasty? What did these people use that put the Egyptians at a disadvantage?

The Hyksos/ Used iron weapons and chariots

What effect did Ramses II reign have over Egypt?

It was a time of prosperity and stability

Who was the first woman pharaoh whose reign ended mysteriously?
Hatshepsut
Monsoons

seasonal wind system that produces a wet or dry season in a region, sometimes with heavy rainfall

Hindu-Arabic Numerals

numerals we use today that originated in India were brought to the West by Arab trade. Numerals 1-9

Migration

process of relocating to a new region

Nirvana

in Buddhism, a state of wisdom that breaks the cycle of reincarnation. The end of suffering in life

enlightened

having spiritual knowledge or understanding

Know why India is called a subcontinent and what the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush have to do with it.

A subcontinent is a large landmass that is part of a continent but is considered a separate region. India is that because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountains.