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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Source |
document or artifact created by a person who witnessed a historical event |
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Secondary Source
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work produced about a historical event by someone not actually there
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Nomads
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members of a group of people who have no set home but move from place to place
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Migrate (migration)
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process of relocating to a new region
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Agriculture
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planting seeds to raise crops
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Domesticate
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to adapt or breed plants or animals for human use
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City-state
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political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands
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Scribes
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people who specialized in writing and record keeping
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Fertile Crescent
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region stretching from the Persian Gulf northwest up the Tigris and Euphrates
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Empire
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group of territories and peoples brought together under one supreme ruler
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Tribute
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payment made in return for protection
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Social Class
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group of people with similar customs, backgrounds, training, and income
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Irrigation
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watering dry land by using ditches, pipes, or streams
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Specialization
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skill in one type of work
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Artisans
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people trained in a particular skill or craft
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Polytheism
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belief in many gods and goddesses (*Sumerians)
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Exile
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forced removal from one’s homeland, often to lands far away
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Provinces
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governmental divisions like states
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Be able to explain the relationship between surplus and the Agricultural Revolution
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the Agricultural Revolution led to a surplus in food (surplus: having more than is needed to survive) *Agriculture developed in areas where water was available, such as in river valleys
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Know what the Agricultural Revolution was and when it began
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The shift from food gathering to food producing. 8000 B.C. OR 10,000 years ago
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Know and be able to explain the relationship between surplus and specialization
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Surplus meant that workers were able to specialize in different trades- become artisans. *Examples of artisans: potters, cloth makers, carpenters, toolmakers, etc.
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Meaning of Mesopotamia and what modern day country it is in- Mesopotamia
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means ‘Land between rivers/waters’. Which two rivers? Tigris and Euphrates (in Iraq)
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Reason why the area around the Tigris and Euphrates was so good for farming
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Rivers flooded causing deposits of fertile silt to wash on bank
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What do most historians call ‘the first civilization’?
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Sumeria
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‘Picture writing’ used by early Sumerians and other civilizations like the Chinese and Egyptians
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Pictographs
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This was the wedge shaped writing of the Sumerians
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cuneiform
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This was the most important structure in a Sumerian city
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A temple. A step Pyramid- Ziggurat
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Be able to identify what the Sumerians made their houses out of:
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Sun dried bricks and reeds
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Sargon was known for
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Creating the worlds 1st empire by taking over the whole region of Sumeria. (Sargon was from Akkad. So, it was then called Akkadia.*) *A person who rules an empire is an emperor.
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Hanging Gardens: who they were built by and that they are one of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World:
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Built by Chaldean Emperor Nebuchadnezzar
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Hammurabi was known for? What did his code consist of:
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his strict code of law (‘an eye for an eye’) - the laws that the people of the Babylonian Empire had to follow
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Who was Cyrus the Great?
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King of Persia who ruled with a policy of toleration
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How did Cyrus the Great make his empire easier to govern with less resistance from conquered people?
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He set up a policy of toleration, meaning he allowed people to keep their customs and beliefs
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Darius was known for
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Extending the boundaries of the Persian Empire
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Some steps he took to unite his empire were
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He split it into provinces and appointed ‘satraps’ to rule like governors; built the royal road; set up a rule of law; minted coins to make trade and tax easier
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Monotheism
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belief in one god
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Judaism
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monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the writings of the Hebrew Bible
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Exodus
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migration of the Israelites from Egypt
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Torah (What it is and be able to name the books)
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first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
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Covenant
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binding agreement
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David
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king of the Israelites who won control of Jerusalem in 1000 B.C.
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Solomon
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David’s son, who became the third king of Israel about 962 B.C.
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Saul
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the first king of the Israelites
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Babylonian Captivity
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50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon
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Messiah
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Hebrew word that means an “anointed one” charged with some task or leadership
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Prophets
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spiritual leaders who were thought to have a special ability to interpret God’s word
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Zealots
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group of Jews who led a rebellion
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Diaspora
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movement of the Jews to other parts of the world
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Rabbis
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Jewish leaders and teachers
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Synagogues
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places for Jewish prayer and worship
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What was the covenant that existed between God and Abraham?
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Abraham promised to obey God and in return God would protect Abraham and his descendants and give them a homeland
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What was 'the promised land' and why was it called this?
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Canaan. It was believed that in the book of Genesis, God told Abraham to settle there.
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The Hebrews in Canaan took a new name, it was
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The Israelites
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Who were the fathers of the 12 tribes of Israel?
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Jacob’s 10 sons and 2 grandsons
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Why did the Jews leave Canaan for Egypt?
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There was a terrible famine
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How were the Israelites treated in Egypt?
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At first in a position of honor, but then became slaves
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What was the migration of the Israelites from Egypt called?
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The Exodus
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Who led the Hebrews out of Egypt?
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Moses
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What happened after the Israelites left Egypt?
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They spent 40 years wandering in the desert
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What did Moses receive on Mt. Sinai?
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The 10 Commandments
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Who were the leaders of the Israelites for the next 200 years after their return to Canaan?
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Judge
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Why did the Israelites need to combine under one ruler?
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To fight the philistines
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Who were Saul, David, and Solomon?
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Saul was chosen as the first leader of the Israelites by the people. Under his ruling, they fought the Philistines. After Saul died, David became the next king of the Israelites. Under David’s ruling, the Israelites drove out the Philistines again and took control of Jerusalem and made the city his capital. His son, Solomon, was chosen to succeed him. Under his ruling, Israel became a powerful nation. (All of this is on page 62)
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What did Solomon build?
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The temple
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Why did the northern tribes of Israel refuse to be loyal to Rehoboam?
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They would not vow loyalty until Rehoboam agreed to lighten their taxes and work load due to the building of Solomon’s temple
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What happened as a result of their refusal?
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The kingdom split into two—Judah and Israel
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Where do the words Judaism & Jews come from?
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The southern region of Judah
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The Babylonian Captivity began when King Nebuchadnezzar attacked what city?
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Jerusalem
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During the Babylonian Captivity, the Jews were awaiting a messiah, an heir to the throne of David. During times of trouble, they would turn to spiritual leaders or ___________ for advice.
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Prophets *They were thought to have a special ability to interpret God’s word.
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Who destroyed the temple?
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The 1st time: Babylonians The 2nd time: Romans
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Who freed the Jews from Babylonian Captivity?
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Cyrus the Great
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What people introduced Greek culture in Jerusalem, even going so far as to put Greek god statues in the temple?
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Syrians. *This caused great conflict between the Syrians and the Jews
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Jewish group that regained control of Jerusalem in 164 BC:
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The Maccabees- led by Juda Maccabee
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After the Syrians, who was the next group to conquer Judah?
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The Romans
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What is the holiest Jewish shrine today? Where is it located?
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The western portion of the wall of the Jewish temple
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What was the Diaspora:
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Greek word meaning scattered. It refers to the exile and movement of the Jews from their homelands to other parts of Europe
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What is the religion of the Jews today?
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Judaism
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Cataracts
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high waterfall or rapids *These churn in the southern part of the Nile River
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Delta
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triangle-shaped deposit of rich soil near a river’s mouth
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Quarried
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obtained stone by cutting, digging, or blasting
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Shadoof
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a tool that Egyptian farmers used to move water between the Nile and a canal, a canal and a catch basin, or a catch basin and a field
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Embalm
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to preserve a body after death
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Papyrus
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paper-like material made from the stems of the papyrus reed
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Dynasty
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family or group that rules for several generations
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Pharaoh
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ruler of ancient Egypt. *The pharaoh of Egypt was thought to be both king and god
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Mummy
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body prepared for burial according to ancient Egyptian practice—dried to prevent dec
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Hieroglyphs
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pictures that stand for words or sounds
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Pyramid
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ancient Egyptian structure, built over or around a tomb. It is a triangular-shaped structure with four sides that meet at a point.
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Silt
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fine, fertile soil carried by rivers and deposited on nearby lands
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Obelisk
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pillar-shaped stone monument
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How were the rivers of Mesopotamia & the rivers of Egypt similar?
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They both flooded and deposited fertile silt on the banks that was good for farming
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The Nile would flood each year due to rainfall in which area?
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The Ethiopian Plateau
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Which direction does the Nile flow?
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South to North
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Why does it flow that way?
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It flows from an area of higher elevation to an area of lower elevation *It was easy to travel both north and south by boat
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When traveling ________, Nile River boats raised sails to be pushed by the wind
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south
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Name Egypt’s Natural barriers (3):
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Desert—Sahara; Sea—Red & Mediterranean; Cataracts--Waterfalls
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Why is King Tut so famous to us?
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His is the only tomb that was discovered intact and not robbed
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During what kingdom were the pyramids built?
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During the Old Kingdom
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What were pyramids used for?
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They were used as tombs
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Where were pharaohs buried during the new kingdom?
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In the Valley of the Kings
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Why did they stop burying the pharaohs in pyramids?
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Grave Robbers
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What type of religion did the Egyptians have?
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Polytheism
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What were 2 things Egyptians used geometry for?
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Re-mark land boundaries after the flooding of the river and for building pyramids
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What is the biggest pyramid and who built it?
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The Great Pyramid built by Kh
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Why did he build it?
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He wanted a monument that would show the world how great he was
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Why was Giza built?
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As a city to house the workers that were working on the pyramid
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Who invaded Egypt during the 13th Dynasty? What did these people use that put the Egyptians at a disadvantage?
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The Hyksos/ Used iron weapons and chariots |
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What effect did Ramses II reign have over Egypt?
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It was a time of prosperity and stability |
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Who was the first woman pharaoh whose reign ended mysteriously?
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Hatshepsut
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Monsoons
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seasonal wind system that produces a wet or dry season in a region, sometimes with heavy rainfall |
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Hindu-Arabic Numerals
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numerals we use today that originated in India were brought to the West by Arab trade. Numerals 1-9 |
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Migration
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process of relocating to a new region |
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Nirvana
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in Buddhism, a state of wisdom that breaks the cycle of reincarnation. The end of suffering in life |
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enlightened
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having spiritual knowledge or understanding |
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Know why India is called a subcontinent and what the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush have to do with it.
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A subcontinent is a large landmass that is part of a continent but is considered a separate region. India is that because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Hindu Kush and the Himalaya mountains. |