Mid-Term Exam 1-5

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Theory

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Consistent set of statements that explains a phenomenon of interest.

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Interest

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What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences over the outcomes that might result from their political choices.

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Interactions

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The Ways in which the choices of two or more actors combine to produce political outcomes

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Institution

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A set of rules known and shared by the community, that structure political interactions in particular ways

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bargaining

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An interaction in which two actors must choose outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another. bargaining is redistributive; it involves allocating a fixed sum of value between different actors.

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Cooperation

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An interaction in which two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off relative to the status quo without making the others worse off.

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Realism/realists

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Literary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors, toward depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is.

analysts who believe that countries operate in their own self interests and that politics is a struggle for power. NATIONAL INTEREST...pessimistic and believe that human nature has an inherent dark side

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Empirical

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based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

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Anarchy

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The absence of a central authority with the ability to make and enforce laws that blind all actors.

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Liberalism

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analysts who reject power politics and argue that people are capable of finding mutual interests and cooperating to achieve them. global governments, justice, human rights, free markets, international institutions...optimistic...foreign policy important

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mercantilism

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An economic doctrine based on a belief that military power and economic influence were complement; applied especially to colonial empires in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. Mercantilist policies favored the mother country over its colonies and over its competitors. (page 5)

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Peace of Westphalia

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The settlement that ended the Thirty Years ’ War in 1648; often said to have created the modern state system because it included a general recognition of the principles of sovereignty and nonintervention. (page 8)

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sovereignty

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The expectation that states have legal and political supremacy—or ultimate authority—within their territorial boundaries. (page 8)

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hegemony

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The predominance of one nation-state over others. (page 8)

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Pax Britannica

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British Peace,” a century-long period beginning with Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and ending with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 during which Britain’s economic and diplomatic influence contributed to economic openness and relative peace. (page 11)

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gold standard

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The monetary system that prevailed between about 1870 and 1914, in which countries tied their currencies to gold at a legally fixed price.

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Treaty of Versailles

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The peace treaty between the Allies and Germany that formally ended World War I on June 28, 1919.

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League of Nations

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A permanent international security organization formed in the aftermath of World War I, which was supplanted by the United Nations after World War II and was dissolved in 1946.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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A military alliance created in 1949 to bring together many Western European nations, the United States, and Canada, forming the foundation of the American-led military bloc during the Cold War. The alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any one of them as an attack on all. Today, NATO’s role includes handling regional problems and developing a rapid reaction force

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Bretton Woods System

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The economic order negotiated among allied nations at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944, which led to a series of cooperative arrangements involving a commitment to relatively low barriers to international trade and investment. (page 23)

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Warsaw Pact

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A military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere; dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended. (page 24)

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decolonization

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The process of shedding colonial possessions, especially the rapid end of the European empires in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean between the 1940s and the 1960s.

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interests

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What actors want to achieve through political action; their preferences over the outcomes that might result from their political choices.

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actors

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The basic unit for the analysis of international politics; can be individuals or groups of people with common interests.

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state

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A central authority with the ability to make and enforce laws, rules, and decisions within a specified territory.

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national interests

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Interests attributed to the state itself, usually security and power.

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coordination

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A type of cooperative interaction in which actors benefit from all making the same choices and subsequently have no incentive to not comply.

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collaboration

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A type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but nonetheless have incentives to not comply with any agreement.

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public goods

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Individually and socially desirable goods that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption, such as national defense.

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collective action problems

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Obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts in anticipation that others will pay the costs of cooperation.

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free ride

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To fail to contribute to a public good while benefiting from the contributions of others.

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iteration

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Repeated interactions with the same partners.

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linkage

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The linking of cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue.

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power

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The ability of Actor A to get Actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do;the ability to get the other side to make concessions and to avoid having to make concessions oneself.

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coercion

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The threat or imposition of costs on other actors in order to change their behavior. Means of international coercion include military force and economic sanctions.

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outside options

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The alternatives to bargaining with a specific actor.

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agenda-setting power

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A “first mover” advantage that helps an actor to secure a more favorable bargain.

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war

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An event involving the organized use of military force by at least two parties that satisfies some minimum threshold of severity.

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interstate war

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A war in which the main participants are states.

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civil war

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A war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the government and a rebel group.

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crisis bargaining

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A bargaining interaction in which at least one actor threatens to use force in the event that its demands are not met.

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coercive diplomacy

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The use of threats to influence the outcome of a bargaining interaction.

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bargaining range

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The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer to the reversion. outcome. When the reversion outcome is war, the bargaining range is the set of deals that both sides prefer to war.

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compellence

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An effort to change the status quo through the threat of force.

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deterrence

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An effort to preserve the status quo through the threat of force.

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incomplete information

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A situation in which parties in a strategic interaction lack information about other parties’ interests and/or capabilities.

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resolve

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The willingness of an actor to endure costs in order to acquire some good.

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risk-return trade-off

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In crisis bargaining, the trade-off between trying to get a better deal and trying to avoid a war.

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credibility

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Believability. A credible threat is a threat that the recipient believes will be carried out. A credible commitment is a commitment or promise that the recipient believes will be honored.

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brinksmanship

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A strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war, with the hope that the other will “blink,” or lose its nerve, first and make concessions.

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audience costs

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Negative repercussions for failing to follow through on a threat or to honor a commitment.

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preventive war

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A war fought with the intention of preventing an adversary from becoming stronger in the future. Preventive wars arise because states whose power is increasing cannot commit not to exploit that power in future bargaining interactions.

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first-strike advantage

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The situation that arises when military technology, military strategies, and/or geography give a significant advantage to whichever state attacks first in a war.

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preemptive war

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A war fought with the anticipation that an attack by the other side is imminent.

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bureaucracy

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The collection of organizations—including the military, the diplomatic corps, and the intelligence agencies—that carry out most tasks of governance within the state.

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interest groups

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Groups of individuals with common interests that organize to influence public policy in a manner than benefits their members.

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rally effect

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The tendency for people to become more supportive of their country ’s government in response to dramatic international events, such as crises or wars

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diversionary incentive

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The incentive that state leaders have to start international crises in order to rally public support at home

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military-industrial complex

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An alliance between military leaders and the industries that benefit from international conflict, such as arms manufacturers.

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democratic peace

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The observation that there are few, if any, clear cases of war between mature democratic states.

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democracy

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A political system in which candidates compete for political office through frequent, fair elections in which a sizable portion of the adult population can vote.

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alliances

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Institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of a war.

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balance of power

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A situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal.

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bandwagoning

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A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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An alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, and most of the states of Western Europe in response to the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any one of them as an attack on all.

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Warsaw Pact

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A military alliance formed in 1955 to bring together the Soviet Union and its Cold War allies in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. It dissolved on March 31, 1991, as the Cold War ended.

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League of Nations

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A collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War I. The League ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations.

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United Nations

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A collective security organization founded in 1945 after World War II. With over 190 members, the UN includes all recognized states.

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collective security organizations

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Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the United Nations.

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genocide

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Intentional and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an identifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group.

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humanitarian interventions

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Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crises stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide.

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Security Council

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The main governing body of the United Nations, which has the authority to identify threats to international peace and security and to prescribe the organization ’s response, including military and/or economic sanctions.

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permanent five

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The five permanent members of the UN Security Council: the United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union (now Russia), and China.

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veto power

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The ability to prevent the passage of a measure through a unilateral act, such as a single negative vote.

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peace-enforcement operation

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A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enforce peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting.

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Hawks vs Doves

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Hawks in favor of War
Doves against war most didn't have an opinion

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a good that cannot be divided without diminishing its value.

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Invisible Goods