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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Explicit memory |
Recalling info, such as facts and events Ex. Recalling events in a movie you've seen, or naming the all 50 states |
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Episodic memory |
Where, when and what of life; autobiographical
Ex. "I remember..." |
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Semantic memory |
A persons knowledge of things
Ex. "I know..." |
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Implicit memory |
Unconsciously remembering skills
Ex. Texting |
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Procedural memory |
Memory for skills
Ex. Driving a car, typing |
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Priming |
When something in the environment evokes a response in memory |
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Heirarchies |
Grouping things according to levels and orders |
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Semantic networks |
Name for a family of schemas; long term memory theory |
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Schemas |
Mental concept that helps people organize and interpret information
Ex - knowing what to expect when you walk into a diner you've never been to |
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Script |
A schema for an event, often containing physical features, people and usual occurrences |
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Connectionist networks |
Theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons; several neurons may work together to process a single memory |
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Serial position effect |
The tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list
Ex. Preferring the first wine sipped at a wine tasting |
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Primacy effect |
The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list |
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Recent effect |
The tendency to recall items at the end of the list |
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Recall |
Retrieving learned info
Ex. Essay question |
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Recognition |
Identifying learned info
Ex. Multiple choice question |
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Encoding specifity |
Info present at time of learning tends to be effective as a retrieval code
Ex. Running into instructor at gym and not remembering name |
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Contest and state at encoding and retrieval |
Better retrieval occurs because we encode features of environment along with learned info
Ex. Studying in classroom where test will be taken |
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3 categories of retrieving autobiographical memories |
1. Lifetime periods 2. General events 3. Event specific |
LEG |
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Flashbulb memories |
Memory of emotionally significant events than people recall with more accuracy than everyday events |
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Motivated forgetting |
Repression of a traumatic event
Ex. Rape, death of parent |
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2 factors of faulty eyewitness testimony |
1. Memory fades with time 2. Individuals of one ethnic group are less likely to recognize individual differences among people of another race |
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Interference theory |
Theory that people forget not because memories are lost but because other info gets in the way |
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Proactive interference |
Info learned EARLIER disrupts recall of info learned later |
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Retroactive interference |
Info learned LATER disrupts recall of info learned earlier |
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How can you stave off negative effects of Alzheimer's? |
By staying mentally and physically active |
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Aversive conditioning |
Type of treatment that pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
Ex. To reduce drinking consume alcohol followed by ingestion of vomit inducing substance |
Pairing |
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Positive reinforcement |
Behavior increases because it is followed by a desired stimulus
Ex. When you train a dog, desired behavior is followed by a treat |
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Negative reinforcement |
Behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesired
Ex. Dad is nagging you to clean your room. You clean the room so the nagging stops. |
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Avoidance learning |
Animal learns that by responding a certain way, a negative stimulus can be avoided
Ex. Student who receives a bad grade after not studying, might study to avoid bad grades in the future |
Also called imitation and modeling |
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Learned helplessness |
Animal 'learns' that it has no control over negative outcomes
Ex. A student performs poorly on math assignments and tests, and begins to feel that nothing she does will change that. |
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Observational learning |
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates a behavior
Ex. A child watches his mother folding laundry. He later picks up clothing and imitates folding the clothes |
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Instinctive drift |
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
Ex. Though my dogs natural reaction is to jump on new people, he's been taught through reward and punishment to sit and greet new visitors in our home. However, if multiple people arrive at the same time, he disregards the learned behavior and begins jumping |
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Stream of consciousness |
Constant flow of thoughts in the mind |
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Consciousness |
Awareness of our surroundings and self |
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Circadian rhythms |
Behavioral or physiological cycles |
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Desynchronizing the logical clock |
Thrown off regular schedule
Ex. Jet lag, shift work, insomnia |
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Resetting biological clock |
Bright light, especially sunlight can increase wakefulness; melatonin can be used to aid in sleep |
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3 theories of why sleep is needed |
1. Animals need to protect themselves at night 2. It's a way to conserve energy 3. Sleep is restorative |
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What is REM sleep |
Rapid Eye Movement; light sleep where most dreams occur; stage 5 of sleep |
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Insomnia |
Inability to sleep; includes falling asleep, waking during the night, or waking too early |
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What stage of sleep do sleep walking/talking occur? |
Stage 3 or 4 |
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Nightmares |
Common; peak at 3-6 years of age |
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Night terrors |
Involve sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear paired with physiological reactions; occurs in stage 4 sleep; peaks at 5-7 years of age |
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Narcolepsy |
Sudden overpowering urge to sleep; narcoleptics immediately enter sleep cycle |
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Sleep apnea |
Individuals stop breathing numerous times during sleep |
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Freuds psychodynamic approach to dreaming |
Dreams are expressions of unconscious wishes |
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Cognitive theory of dreaming |
Dreams are dramatizations of general life concerns |
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Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming |
Dreaming results from the brains attempt to make sense of neural activity that takes place during sleep |
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Three types of memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin theory) |
1. Sensory memory 2. Short term memory 3. Long term memory |
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Mneumonic devices |
Specific visual and/or memory aids |
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3 types of mneumonic devices |
1. Method of Loci (develop an image of items to be remembered and then store them in familiar locations) 2. Keyword method (attach vivid imagery to important words; ex. Hippo for hippocampus) 3. Acronyms (creating a word using the first letter of the list to remember; HOMES for great lakes) |
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Sensory memory |
- all info passes through our senses - memory last ONE second - info must be noticed in sensory before being passed to STM |
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Short term memory (STM) |
- can hold 7 pieces of info for 30 seconds - info can be held longer using maintenance rehearsal |
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Long term memory (LTM) |
- can hold an infinite amount of info for unlimited amount of time - transfer from STM to LTM relies on elaborate rehearsal |
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Elaborate rehearsal |
- form associations between new info and familiar info - organize new info into categories - put new info into your own words - explain new info to someone else - use critical thinking with new info |
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Critical thinking |
-organizing -analyzing -evaluating |
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SQ3R study method |
- Survey the information - Question - Read - Recite - Review |
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Learning |
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience (adaptation) |
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Behaviorism (mechanistic) |
The school of psychology that accounts for behavior in terms of observable acts and events, without reference to mental entities, such as the mind or will |
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Conditioning |
Involves associations between environmental stimuli and responses |
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John Watson |
Founder of behaviorism; 'Little Albert' experiment |
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Stimulus generalization |
After a stimulus becomes a CS for some responses, other similar stimuli may produce a similar reaction |
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Stimulus discrimination |
Ability to tell the difference between CS and other stimuli |
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Spontaneous recovery |
Sudden reappearance of response after a time delay of conditioning |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
Event or thing that elicits a response automatically or reflexively Ex. In Pavlovs experiment, food |
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Unconditioned response |
The original natural reflex or response to stimuli (which is automatic) Ex. Salivation to meat |
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Classical conditioning |
Reflex/instinct (automatic reaction) to something happening in the environment |
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Operant conditioning |
Behavior becoming more or less likely depending on the consequence (that comes after the behavior) Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence |
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Primary reinforcer |
Something that is naturally or biologically reinforcing Ex. Air, food, water |
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Secondary reinforcer |
Reinforcers that are learned or acquired through association with other reinforcers Ex. Money, good grades, praise |
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Positive reinforcement |
Reinforcer that occurs when a desired behavior is strengthened by the subject RECIEVING a pleasant/desirable consequence Ex. Paycheck |
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Negative reinforcement |
Reinforcer that occurs when a desired behavior is strengthened by REMOVING an unpleasant stimulus |
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Punishers |
Applying an unpleasant consequence or removing a pleasant one |
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Extinction |
Occurs when a response is weakened or eliminated due to the response no longer being followed by the reinforcer |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing in incremental steps (successive approximations) in the direction towards final goal |
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Satiation |
When a person gets so filled with something that they no longer desire it Ex. Too many donuts |
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Ambivalence |
Inner conflict between an object that both attracts and repels |
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