Mid. Church Hist. Midterm Exam

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"Reformatio"

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“Change, improvement.” A creative transformation, conservative in basis. Restoring something to its true essence.

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German Mysticism

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Striving after direct union with God combined with practical tendencies. In faithful devotion to daily tasks one may realize religious experience. Sought a “better way” without neglecting the sacraments or contesting the authority of the Church.

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Gerard Groote

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(1300s) A practical mystic who founded the Brethren of Common Life. Worked and prayed.

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"Devotio moderna"

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Had four main themes: Focus on the Bible, replacing vices with virtues, “imitation of Christ”—identifying yourself in Gospel accounts, follow model of early church. They used wisdom of the Ancients, Words of Christ, Mysticism of the Fathers, and Learning of the Humanists, to achieve everyday piety, charity and scriptural study.

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Conciliarism

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The supreme jurisdiction is no longer in control of the Pope but in the hands of the council.

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Fuggers of Augsburg

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Hans Fugger moved to Augsburg in 1367

–Jacob Fugger II, the Rich (1459 – 1525)

–Raimund Fugger (1489–1535) and Anton Fugger (1493–1560)

•Fuggers originally linen weavers

•Expanded into trade of silk, woolen cloth, and raw wool; sideline in spices

•Jacob diversified (c. 1480) into copper and silver

•Profits allowed Jacob to establish banking business with offices in all major European cities

•1487-1488 loan to Sigismund in return for share in royalties from mines

•After collapse of Medici bank (1494) took over most of papal finances

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Tudors

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they were people

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Hans Ludher

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Martin Luther’s dad, aka Gross-Hans. Born of a farming family in Möhre, Thuringia (Later, Saxony). Married above his station, Margarethe, and got into a career in mining.

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Anfechtung

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“Testing” or “challenge” or “struggle.” The german counterpart to tentatio.

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Frederick III, the Wise

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Elector, Duke of Saxony - important to the pope for military power, supported Luther and protected him.

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Albrecht of Hoenzollern

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made Archbishop of Magdeburg & bishopric of Halberstadt: sold indulgences in northern German territories

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Jacopo Sadoletus

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wrote the “four graces” of indulgences

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Martin Bucer

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Priest of Franz Von Sickingen, was swayed by Luther at Heidelburg.

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Andreas Rudolf Bodenstein Von Karlstadt

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Supporter of Luther

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Bonae litterae

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“good letters”

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Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Reformation, faced threat of France and Turks/Muslims.

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Johann Petzensteiner

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Augustinian monk: accompanied Luther to the Diet of Worms

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Junker Georg

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“Knight George.” Luther’s alter ego when hiding at the Wartburg.

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Lucas Cranach

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Friend of Luther; provided the illustrations for the “September Testament”

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Meister Eckhart

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German mystic/Dominican monk. Discovered some things that were true, made up some other things. Recanted and subjected self to papacy. Saw faith as a gift but didn’t discover justification by faith.

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John Wycliffe

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(1300s) “Morning Star” of the Reformation, from England. Loved Bible, saw it didn’t match up with the church and its politics. Translated NT into English, followers were (condemned) “Bible men”.

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Brethren of the Common Life

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Semi-monastic order of everyday piety, members could come and go as they pleased. Its members lived simply, contributed by doing their end of the work and sharing expenses. They didn’t like the clergy and they did like mysticism and the bible.

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Jan (John) Hus

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Czech reformer who was burned (the goose was cooked) for preaching against ecclesiastical authority (aka. the pope). Primary concerns: higher level of morality among priesthood, preaching and Bible reading in common language, communion for everyone, Scriptures over church; he was against: indulgences and the pope

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Cardinal Aleander

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(1409-1410) he was elected pope on June 26, 1409?

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Hapsburgs

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Not really a nation, but a dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors from the 13th century onwards, dominating central Europe.

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Margarete Lindemann

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Luther's mother, from a wealthy family

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Johann Von Staupitz

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The head of the Augustinian order, influenced Luther about justification by grace. Freed Luther from his monastic vows.

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"Via moderna/Via antiqua"

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New way: leads people to free will/Old way: leaves people with a lot of doubts and insecurities

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Leo X

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Revived Sale of indulgences (1513-1521). Baddest man in the Vat-i-can.

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Johann Eck of Ingolstadt

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First opposition - John Eck of Ingolstadt: “Bohemian origin.”

•“Luther’s heresy is disturbing good order.” (Eck)

•Eck attempted to connect Luther with Hus

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Cardinal Cajetan

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Irritated by some of Luther’s 95 theses, invited Luther to a hearing at Augsburg. Hoped to browbeat Luther and make him recant. Luther thought that this was going to be a dialogue.

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Exsurge domine

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papal bull issued to warn Luther about his teachings

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Obelisks

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Eck’s response to Luther’s 95 Theses

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Nikolaus Von Amsdorf

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accompanied Luther to the Diet of Worms, probably was the only guy who knew about the Elector’s plan to “kidnap” Luther in the forest.

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Jerome Emser

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• 1505 secretary of Duke George of Saxony

• 1519 at Leipzig Debate

• 1519-21 literary exchanges between Emser and Luther

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September Testament

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German publication of Luther’s bible; published by Melchior Lotter the Younger; paragraphs/chapter headings but no verses; 3,000 copies in first printing; reprinted in Dec by Adam Petri

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Johannes Tauler

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Another mystic. Emphasized Scripture but also pointed to the inner light. Warned against contemplative life and impractical quietism. Melancthon and Luther respected him.

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Lollards

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Followers of Wycliffe that read the Bible a lot and used it as their source of doctrine, not clergy. They were persecuted big-time, had to go underground. “loellen”—refers to them praying.

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Valois

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rivals of Hapsburgs and Tudors

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Erbazinsleute

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Free landowners, under no control of a nobleman, and thus have quite a bit of freedom. Owed taxes only to the Elector. Luther’s Parents. Youngest son gets right of inheritance.

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Observantine Augustinians

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Monks with a strict adherence to the Augustinian Rule

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Johann Reuchlin

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grandfather of Melanchthon; twice faced inquisition for his Hebrew work

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"Turmerlebnis"

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Tower experience: Luther beginning to understand the righteousness of God

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Johann Tetzel

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Indulgence Salesman. A generally bad dude.

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Karl Von Miltitz

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was sent only to give the golden rose to the Elector to try and gain his support. He wanted to put a feather in his hat by getting Luther to be quiet. (This Luther mission was all on his own.)

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Heidelberg Theses

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Luther’s opportunity to defend his “new theology”

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Leipzig Debate

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Martin Luther arrived in Leipzig and joined the debate in July 1519, at the invitation of Eck. Luther and Eck expanded the terms of the debate, to include matters such as purgatory, the sale of indulgences, the need for and methods of penance, and the legitimacy of papal authority.

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Asterisks

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Luther’s Response to Obelisks

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Peter Suaven

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Student at University of Erfurt; accompanied Luther to the Diet of Worms

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Hans Von Berlepsch

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Warden of Wartburg castle

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Four Articles of Prague

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Hussites demanded: free preaching of the gospel, communion in both kinds, limitation of church property, civil punishment of mortal sin (including Simony, aka suck it clergy)

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Johann Gutenberg

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Inventor of the printing press; died a pauper.

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Desiderius Erasmus

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Disagreed with Luther on free will. Luther wrote “De Servo Arbitrio” in response. Worked on the Greek NT at Oxford and Cambridge.

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What factors (humanly speaking) contributed to Luther’s survival?

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Frederick the Wise. Pope Leo and Charles the V needed him and weren’t going to upset him because they needed his support, especially Charles for funds and power.

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The various influences on Martin Luther from the pre-Reformation period, including German mysticism, John Wycliffe, the Brethren of the Common Life, and John Hus.

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Early-Luther discovered and loved and re-published the Friends of God devotion booklet Theologia Germanica. Early-Luther also loved Tauler’s works. Luther spent a year in a school run by the Brethren of the Common Life in Magdeburg. Luther praised Hus, who had also previously attacked church authority and indulgences.

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Compare the Council of Constance with the Diet of Worms. Why (human speaking, of course) was it possible for one reformer to be spared while the other perished?

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Nothing was protecting the promise of safe conduct to Hus, but Luther had the protection of Elector Frederick the Wise and was not yet under the edict.

Turks and French were a more threatening at Worms than one rogue monk; Constance was already dealing with Church Authority questions (triple popes) alongside Hus.

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Consider the European world on the eve of Luther’s birth. What circumstances at that time contributed to the advancement of the Reformation when it arrived?

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European prosperity

Recovering from black death

Hussite movement

Capitalism

Printing

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Describe the influences on Martin Luther from his home life and from his schooling prior to his entrance into the University of Erfurt.

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Typical superstitious Catholic parents

Moved to Mansfeld (aka Luther: “hell-hole”) where people did not mind the Catholic church, he learned latin, writing, singing, and school discipline

Brethren of the Common life

At Eisenach, Luther is introduced to the Classics by his humanist teachers.

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Describe Luther’s life as a student at the University of Erfurt. What contributions to the Reformation does he acquire here?

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Erfurt followed the via moderna, which opened the possibility for thinking of justification purely as divine decree, instead of infused righteousness. Luther learns the Trivium and Quadrivium, and gets some initial contact reading the bible before he gets into the Law program.

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Over the years a number of different theories have been advanced about Luther’s life prior to 1505. According to these various perspectives, why did Luther enter the monastery?

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Traditionalist: Parental misunderstanding, abuse in Mansfeld, suffering at Magdeburg and Eisenach

Revisionist: Sudden decision, result of fright

Modernist: Thinking about relationship with God for a long time – lightning made him aware of what was already in his soul.

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Why did Luther choose to enter the Augustinian order in Erfurt?

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St. George’s Bursa near Augustinian monastery

• Augustinians known for their academic orientation

• Monastery was reformed = rules were especially strict

• Large, flourishing monastery with good reputation

the most strict. He didn’t want to take the easy way out.

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What was Staupitz’ plan to free Luther from his soul torment?

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Make Luther a priest (read bible & Augustine), and Doctor of Theology. Stupidest decision the Roman Catholics could have ever done for themselves.

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Luther’s trip to Rome – Why did he go? Of what value was it?

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Staupitz sent him as a traveling companion; Luther saw the corruption in Rome

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How does Luther happen to come to the University of Wittenberg? What spiritual growth is evident in Luther the Teacher?

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They needed a teacher and Staupitz was involved in visitation so he sent Luther to be his successor.

“ad fontes” – he went back to sources

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What are indulgences? Why did they become such a contentious issue in 1517?

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People pay money for the forgiveness of sins and to do less time in purgatory

Because of Luther’s 95 Theses being widely published

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What was Luther’s intention in writing and then posting 95 Theses? What sort of reception did these theses receive?

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Indulgence not real repentance.

People began to question them, people weren’t buying them; made clergy upset

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What is the importance of the Leipzig Debate in the early Reformation and in Luther’s personal life?

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This was the first time that Luther was publicly faced with an open charge of heresy (Eck connected him with Hus). Luther was forced to clarify his views more fully, to see the full implications of his theology. But after Leipzig, Luther temporarily gained the allegiance of Some Humanists, Peasants, and Imperial knights.

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Karl von Miltitz had a plan to calm tensions. What did he propose to Luther? How successful was this plan?

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Miltitz urged Luther to remain silent in arguing about the 95 Theses. Luther agreed to do so if his opponents would remain silent as well. Luther agreed to write a conciliatory letter to the Pope and would also urge people to remain loyal to the church. His plan worked for a bit, but Luther’s opponents would not remain silent, so neither did Luther.

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Luther published 3 doctrinal essays in the last half of 1520. List them and Luther’s intention in each one.

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To the Christian Nobility. Purpose: was written to the leaders of cities and towns telling them to provide for the churches in his territory--maintain property, pay the preacher, etc.

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. Purpose: intended to be a theological document written in latin. It was written to deal with the misuse of the sacraments. Problems with Lord’s Supper were: with holding the cup from the laity; transubstantiation; sacrifice of the mass. The other problem Luther addressed was true repentance and daily contrition were being pushed aside by penance. In this letter he also said there were only two things that fit the definition of a sacrament: communion and baptism.

The Freedom of the Christian. Purpose: two fold-- one:write to the pope to show that he never wanted to attack the Pope personally and to throw all the blame on Eck. Two--write what it meant to be a Christian. A Christ is perfectly free, subject to none. A Christian is servant of all.