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450 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which of the following was not a part of the Republican political perspective during the 1920s?
Government regulation of personal behavior does more harm than good.
Which of the following was not an important cultural trend in 1920s America?
a growing respect for newly arrived immigrants
The proposed constitutional amendment to eliminate all legal distinctions "on account of sex" promoted by Alice Paul was
the Equal Rights Amendment.
Who said, "the chief business of the American people is business"?
Calvin Coolidge
Which of the following was not an underlying cause of the stock market crash of 1929?
Runaway inflation triggered by high union wages had undermined prosperity.
The anti-black, anti-Catholic, and anti-Semitic organization that claimed over 3 million members by the mid-1920s was
the Ku Klux Klan.
Production of the automobile in the 1920s
tripled
The open shop—a workplace free of unions (except, in some cases, "company unions") and free of government regulation—was part of the employer-backed
American Plan.
Which of the following was not a common means of survival for out-of work Americans during the opening years of the Great Depression?
drawing federal unemployment benefits
In early 1929, the income of the wealthiest five percent of American families was greater than that of the bottom
60 percent.
The West's leading industrial center, a producer of oil, automobiles, aircraft, and Hollywood movies, was
Los Angeles, California.
In 1925, what was the Tennessee trial in which a public school teacher faced charges of violating the state's law prohibiting the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution?
the Scopes trial
An attorney renowned for his contributions to the causes of labor, racial equality, and civil liberties was
Clarence Darrow.
Which was not a consumer good in the 1920s?
televisions
Who were the two immigrants whose case became a cause célèbre, who were arrested for their participation in a robbery in which a security guard was killed?
Nicola Sacco and Bartholomeo Vanzetti
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Herbert Hoover victory over Alfred E. Smith; stock market crash; Hawley-Smoot tariff; creation of Reconstruction Finance Corporation
In what legal case did Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., declare that the First Amendment did not prevent Congress from prohibiting speech that presented a "clear and present danger"?
Shenck v. U.S.
The 1922 self-imposed guidelines in the film industry that prohibited depicting adultery, nudity, and long kisses, and barred scripts that portrayed clergymen in a negative light was called
the Hays code.
President Herbert Hoover's 1932 Reconstruction Finance Corporation did all of the following, except
offered direct relief to the unemployed.
During the 1920s, a group whose most well-known leader was Billy Sunday and who asserted their conviction in the literal truth of the Bible became known by which term that they coined?
fundamentalists
Who was the first cabinet member in American history to be convicted of a felony—for accepting nearly $500,000 from businessmen to whom he leased government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming?
Albert Fall
The vibrant black culture in 1920s New York City that included poets and novelists Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Claude McKay was called
the Harlem Renaissance.
Who won the presidential election of 1928?
Herbert Hoover
Which of the following was not a cause of the Great Depression that began in October 1929?
drastic tariff reductions
Upon taking office in 1921, Warren G. Harding promised a return to
normalcy.
In 1925, John Scopes, a public school teacher in Tennessee, was convicted of violating the state's law against the teaching of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
T
American women overwhelmingly supported the Equal Rights Amendment; American men overwhelmingly opposed it.
F
Over 100 million records were sold each year during the 1920s.
T
Herbert Hoover preferred "associational action" to government intervention in directing regulatory and welfare policies.
T
In the three years after 1929, gross domestic production fell by one third in the United States.
T
During the 1920s, the United States government showed little interest in world affairs.
F
Business leaders like Henry Ford, and engineers like Herbert Hoover were cultural heroes in the 1920s.
T
Although suppression of free speech remained commonplace in the 1920s, a commitment to civil liberties was slowly finding its way into judicial doctrine.
T
As real workers' wages rose by 25 percent in the period between 1922 to 1929, the sharply unequal distribution of wealth that characterized the nineteenth-century United States gave way increasingly to an equal distribution of wealth.
F
A consumer culture in which the purchase of consumer goods (even if this meant going into debt) came increasingly to replace thrift and self-denial, which had earlier characterized notions of good character.
T
During the 1920s, as sociologists Robert and Helen Lyndon found in Middletown, elections were lively centers of public attention, much as they had been in the ninteenth century.
F
Remarkably, the stock market crash and subsequent depression did little to diminish popular reverence for big business.
F
Consumerism was a principal component of the American character in the 1920s.
T
Jack Dempsey made the first solo flight across the Atlantic.
F
Florence Kelley was ecstatic when the United States Supreme Court repudiated Mueller v. Oregon
F
American agriculture slid into economic depression years before the stock market crash of 1929.
T
Women's freedom in the 1920s was characterized by unapologetic use of birth control methods such as the diaphragm.
T
The politics of the 1920s was principally dominated by the Republican Party.
T
Farmers experienced booming profits during the 1920s.
F
By 1932 a quarter of the U.S. labor force could not find work.
T
President Hoover and his secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon, took quick, decisive action to curtail the economic downturn that began in October 1929.
F
Nearly a million African Americans migrated from the American South during the 1920s.
T
In 1917, 1921, and again in 1924, European immigration was increasingly curtailed by federal law.
T
During the 1920s (up until 1929), while inflation and war reparations payments crippled the German economy, and unemployment remained high in Great Britain, the U.S. economy boomed.
T
During the 1920s (up until 1929), while inflation and war reparations payments crippled the German economy, and unemployment remained high in Great Britain, the U.S. economy boomed.
T
The 1920s was a decade of social tensions between rural and urban Americans, as well as traditional and "modern" Christianity.
T
By 1929 three-quarters of American households had washing machines.
F
Quick action by President Hoover's administration kept millions of American families from losing their life savings, when, in the early 1930s, hundreds of banks across the United States failed.
F
Comparatively high wages and efficient mass production characterized the American economy of the 1920s.
T
Presidents Harding and Coolidge were very similar in personality, but very different in political outlook.
F
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and Louis D. Brandeis were proponents of civil liberties.
T
In 1928, Democratic candidate Alfred E. Smith was the first Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party.
T
According to 1920s sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd, Americans had become more interested in leisure activities and material comforts than in public issues.
T
The 1920s—prior to October 1929—saw a sharp decline in the American economy.
F
By 1929, 80 million Americans went to the movies each week, and almost 5 million owned radios.
T
By 1929, the United States produced more than 40 percent of the world's manufactured goods.
T
The rights an individual may assert even against Democratic majorities—including freedom of speech—are called "civil liberties."
T
Al Smith, the Catholic governor of New York, ran as the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1928, but lost the election.
T
President Warren G. Harding died suddenly of a heart attack in 1923.
T
On October 24, 1929, Black Thursday, more than $10 billion in market value vanished in a sharp stock market downturn.
T
Reparations payments at the end of World War I demanded Germany pay, in effect, to repair the damages it had inflicted on the Allies (reparations payments were estimated variously to be between $33 billion and $56 billion).
True
In 1911, the United States immigration commission listed forty-five immigrant "races" in a dictionary published that year.
True
President Woodrow Wilson authorized more military interventions into Latin America than any other president in American history.
True
Ten of the twelve states that by 1916 had adopted woman suffrage were carried by Wilson in the election that year; without women's votes Wilson would not have been reelected.
True
In 1903, when Panama declared its independence from Colombia, the United States stationed a gunboat off the Panamanian coast, preventing the Colombian army from taking back the area.
True
When President Woodrow Wilson traveled to Paris at the end of World War I, he was met by tens of thousands of cheering citizens.
True
More people were killed by the flu (epidemic of influenza) at the end of World War I, than died during all the years of fighting in that war.
True
After America entered the conflict, antiwar opposition disappeared.
False
In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged an "executive agreement" that gave a group of American bankers control over the finances of the Dominican Republic.
True
Settlement house workers, social scientists, and progressives in general, placed demands for black suffrage at the forefront of their efforts.
False
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer sent federal agents to raid the offices of radical and labor organizations in November 1919 and January 1920 as part of the Red Scare.
True
In intervening in Caribbean countries in the early twentieth century, the United States generally sought to promote peace, democracy, and freedom.
False
The 1905 Niagara movement derived its name from the fact that a group of black leaders met at Niagara Falls, Canada (since no hotel on the American side would accommodate them).
True
Most Progressives opposed America's entry into World War I as jingoistic, imperialist venturing.
False
President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points had asserted the principle of "self-determination;" in this spirit, W. E. B. Du Bois organized a Pan-African Congress in Paris that put forward the idea of a self-governing nation to be carved out of Germany's African colonies. Koreans, Indians, Irish, and others also pressed claims for self-determination.
True
Between 1910 and 1920, half a million blacks moved away from the South; many migrated into northern cities like Chicago, New York, Akron, Buffalo, and Trenton.
True
Eugenics studied the mental characteristics of different ethnicities and races, only to discover that, for the most part and overwhelmingly, all human beings possess "good genes."
False
Following the outbreak of World War I, the Allied and Central Powers each acted to block American trade with their adversaries.
True
W. E. B. Du Bois asserted the need for the "talented tenth" of the African-American community to step forward and take the lead in education and training to challenge inequality faced by black Americans.
True
At the outbreak of war in Europe in the summer of 1914, the U.S. population quickly unified in its support for Great Britain and France.
False
In the 1919 steel strike, workers demanded union recognition, higher wages, and an eight-hour day.
True
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) launched a long battle for the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
True
President Roosevelt declined to assert U.S. authority over the Canal Zone until the citizens of Panama had a chance to vote on the matter.
False
When U.S. troops landed at Vera Cruz, Mexico in an effort to stop weapons from being delivered to Victoriano Huerta's forces, the Marines were greeted as liberators by the Mexican people.
False
Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson shared a common belief that the United States had a right, even a duty, to intervene from time to time in the affairs of other countries.
True
While many were troubled by the ongoing slaughter overseas, most Progressives regarded wartime mobilization as an extraordinary chance to remake American society.
True
By 1900, measured by its acquisition of new territories, the United States was an imperialist power, the equal of Great Britain and France.
False
Major strides toward the advancement of equality for American blacks was one significant consequence of the war's aftermath due to the heroism, courage, determination, and patriotism demonstrated by black soldiers during World War I.
False
During 1919, more than 250 people died in riots in northern cities.
True
No one was ever convicted under the 1917 Espionage Act or the 1918 Sedition Act.
False
Eugene Victor Debs, a Socialist Party leader, was imprisoned for delivering an antiwar speech.
True
The Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I was a savvy and fair, if short, document that equitably distributed culpability for the war among all warring factions.
False
President Wilson won reelection in 1916 on the slogan, "We Must Fight to Make the World Safe for Democracy."
False
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was triggered by
the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.
The United States entered World War I in April of 1917 only after Germany resumed submarine warfare against its ships in the Atlantic and
after discovery of the Zimmermann telegram.
Which of the following was not a significant development in American race relations during the first two decades of the twentieth century?
the ascent of racial equality to the top of the Progressive agenda
The "open door" policy refers to
a key principle of American foreign relations that emphasizes the free flow of trade, investment, and information.
During World War I, popular words of German origin were changed; "hamburger" became
"liberty sandwich."
Which of the following was not a significant effect of World War I on American society?
the withdrawal of the federal government from domestic affairs, so that it could concentrate on the war overseas
How many soldiers perished during World War I worldwide?
10 million
Which of the following was not a feature of public debate over whether the United States should enter the war in Europe?
Labor generally opposed American entry; business generally endorsed it.
Of the great ideologies that had arisen in the nineteenth century, which, by 1920, had proven most powerful?
nationalism
The federal organization established to explain the war to the American people, and which trained some 75,000 Four-Minute Men to deliver short talks in support of America's war effort was called
Committee on Public Information.
Who was the leader of the National Woman's Party, an organization that employed militant tactics in favor of woman suffrage?
Alice Paul
President Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy that called for active intervention to remake the world in America's image, and which asserted the view that greater freedom worldwide would follow from increased American investment and trade abroad was called
liberal internationalism.
The right to dissent from government policy during World War I
met sweeping repression.
Dollar Diplomacy, the U.S. foreign policy that emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks, rather than direct military intervention, was the policy of
William Howard Taft.
Which of the following was not a military technology used during World War I?
atomic bombs
Randolph Bourne's vision of America was one in which
a cosmopolitan, democratic society in which immigrants and natives would together create a new "trans-national" culture.
A leading characterization of U.S. foreign policy in the early twentieth century was
"Dollar Diplomacy."
The worst race riot in American history occurred in 1921 when more than 300 blacks were killed and over 10,000 were left homeless after white mobs burned an all-black section of which city to the ground?
Phillips County, Arkansas
What was the West African proverb that President Theodore Roosevelt was fond of?
Speak softly and carry a big stick.
Which of the following was not a significant development in postwar America?
the constitutional enfranchisement of African-Americans
The American foreign policy principle that held that the United States had a right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere was called
the Roosevelt Corollary.
In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson sent more than 10,000 troops into Mexico in an effort (that proved unsuccessful) to arrest
"Pancho" Villa, who had killed seventeen Americans in an attack on Columbus, New Mexico.
What was the name of the British liner sunk by a German submarine in May 1915, which resulted in the deaths of more than a thousand passengers, including 124 Americans?
Lusitania
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
publication of Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk; founding of NAACP; Silent Protest Parade in New York City; Chicago race riot
Between 1901 and 1920, the U.S. Marines landed in Caribbean countries
more than twenty times.
During World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were called
the Central Powers.
In November 1917, in the midst of World War I, a communist revolution broke out in what country?
Russia
President Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for helping to negotiate a settlement of
the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
President Woodrow Wilson articulated the clearest statement of American war aims and his vision of a new postwar international order in
the Fourteen Points.
Who was the leader of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, a movement for African independence and black self-reliance?
Marcus Garvey
Which of the following was not a principle espoused in Wilson's Fourteen Points?
the abolition of colonial rule around the globe
What did prohibition (the Eighteenth Amendment, ratified in 1919) prohibit?
manufacturer, sale, or distribution of alcoholic beverages
In the Progressive Era, industry was on the rise and agriculture was in decline.
False
By 1900, more than 80,000 women in the United States had earned college degrees.
True
During the Progressive Era, city managers and nonpartisan commissions ran many municipalities.
True
One current of Progressive-era political thought promoted the view that experts—college professors and others able to apply scientific methods to modern social problems—ought to direct government policy.
True
A significant step in the expansion of federal power over the economy was taken in 1906 with passage of the Hepburn Act, which allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to set railroad rates.
True
The new radical "bohemia" that thrived in places like Greenwich Village explored fresh ways of thinking about politics, culture, and sexuality.
True
Mabel Dodge's New York living room was the location of a famed "salon" in which bohemian intellectuals and intelligentsia gathered to discuss issues of sexual liberation, modern trends in art, and labor unrest.
True
President Theodore Roosevelt distinguished between "good" and "bad" corporations, and in the Northern Securities Company case made his mark as a trust buster.
True
Women reformers devoted little attention to labor conditions, regarding that as a "man's issue."
False
The initiative, referendum, and recall were all early twentieth-century means by which democracy was expanded.
True
During the Progressive era, the Imperial Valley of California was transformed by irrigation and became a major area of commercial farming.
True
The first World Series was played in 1903.
True
An example of President Roosevelt's activism was his handling of the anthracite coal strike of 1902, in which he threatened a federal takeover of the mines.
True
Massachusetts became the first state east of the Mississippi to allow women the right to vote in presidential elections.
False
The 1911, Triangle Fire was a fire in a triangular region of Massachusetts between the towns of Worcester, Boston, and Salem.
False
The Sixteenth Amendment made the income tax constitutional.
True
The Progressive era was a time of economic expansion that produced millions of new jobs and brought unprecedented material wealth to millions of Americans.
True
Julia Lathrop was the first woman to head a federal agency; in 1912 she took up leadership of the Children's Bureau.
True
Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest president in American history.
True
After 1910, mothers' pensions—aid given to mothers of young children who lacked male support—were established by many states; though, to be sure, the amounts of the monthly checks given to such mothers was small and often inadequate.
True
Another important example of federal intervention and a new activism on the part of the national government into the economy was passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) by which the federal government became the agent policing the labeling and quality of food and drugs.
True
Gifford Pinchot held that logging, mining, and grazing on public lands should be eliminated.
False
"Social legislation" includes governmental action taken to address urban problems and the insecurities of working-class life.
True
By 1910, almost 60 percent of workers in leading manufacturing and mining industries were foreign-born.
True
The Underwood Tariff imposed a graduated income tax on the richest 5 percent of Americans.
True
In the early twentieth century, New York City was a center of finance, publishing, and entertainment, but there was almost no manufacturing going on in the city.
False
Historians call the period of American history from the closing years of the nineteenth century into the second decade of the twentieth century the Progressive era.
True
One of the main principles of Frederick W. Taylor's "scientific management" was the submission of workers to the dictates of their supervisors.
True
The 1912 Progressive Party platform set out a blueprint for a modern welfare state.
True
As president, Theodore Roosevelt was determined to break up every business trust he could find.
False
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe showed little interest in emerging forms of popular entertainment such as amusement parks, dance halls, and nickelodeons.
False
The politics of Progressivism was almost solely a North American phenomenon.
False
After 1900, the campaign for woman suffrage became a mass movement; membership in the American Woman Suffrage Association was more than 2 million by 1917.
True
By 1913, twenty-two states had enacted workmen's compensation laws.
True
Feminists who supported mothers' pensions believed these pensions would empower single women.
True
At times Progressives sought to expand popular democracy, and at times they sought to restrict it.
True
The Federal Reserve System (1913), and the Federal Trade Commission (1914) were major examples of the remarkable expansion of the role of the federal government in the economy during the Progressive Era.
True
By 1900, more than half of the states allowed women to vote on school issues, and four Western states allowed women full suffrage.
True
By the 1910s, women worked not only as domestic servants, but also as office workers, telephone operators, and store clerks.
True
Theodore Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" called for vigorous federal intervention in the economy, while Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" called on government to stay out of business affairs.
False
Directly or indirectly, J. P. Morgan controlled 40 percent of the financial and industrial capital in the United States in the opening years of the twentieth century.
True
Progressive-era writers and photographers seeking to expose the underside of urban-industrial society were known as
Muckrakers
In 1907, at a time when segregation had become much the norm throughout the South, in which city did a strike of 10,000 black and white dockworkers take place, as a remarkable expression of interracial solidarity?
New Orleans, Louisiana
The Progressive Era was a time of
explosive economic growth, rapid population rise, and increased industrial production, and "Golden Age" for American agriculture.
The 1914 Ludlow Massacre was
an attack by militia against a tent city of striking workers in Colorado.
What was the name of the organization that sponsored the 1914 debate at New York City's Cooper Union on the question "What is feminism?", and whose definition of feminism emphasized greater economic opportunities, the vote, and open discussions of sexuality?
Heterodoxy
Who was the Progressive-Era mayor of Toledo who founded night schools, built new parks, established kindergartens, and supported the right of workers to unionize?
Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones
The Progressive Era economic system based on mass production and mass consumption came to be called
Fordism
A principal organization in the early twentieth century that battled for civil liberties and the right of individual freedom of speech was
the Industrial Workers of the World.
The 1909 "uprising of the 20,000" was
a walkout of garment workers, which led to a victory for the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union.
What was the name of the organization that advocated a workers' revolution to seize control of the means of production and abolish the state, and which organized women, blacks, and Asian-Americans, as well as white men?
Industrial Workers of the World
Who was the early twentieth-century governor of Wisconsin, who believed that the state was a "laboratory for democracy," developed what came to be known as the Wisconsin Idea, taxed corporate wealth, and initiated state regulation of public utilities?
Robert M. LaFollette
Progressive-era feminists were
engaged in a wide range of social causes.
In Progressive-Era America, what particular locale became known as a center of sexual experimentation, attracting women interested in free sexual expression and, with its aura of tolerance, attracted many homosexuals?
Greenwich Village in New York City
Who was the woman best known during the second decade of the twentieth century for promoting birth control?
Margaret Sanger
The amendment to the United States Constitution that provides that United States senators will be chosen by popular vote rather than by state legislatures is
the Seventeenth Amendment.
The term "Progressive" that came into common use around 1910 describes
a loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups who hoped to bring about social and political change in American life.
All of the following were muckrakers, except
Theodore Roosevelt.
Between 1901 and 1914,
13 million immigrants came to the United States.
In Charlotte Perkins Gilman's view, as she wrote in her influential book Women and Economics (1898),
prevailing gender norms condemned women to a life of domestic drudgery; women were oppressed, and a housewife was an unproductive parasite.
Pope Leo XIII's 1894 Rerum Novarum and the Catholic priest Father John A. Ryan's A Living Wage (1906) called for all of the following except
the view that the Catholic Church should in no way become involved in discussions of wages, working conditions, and the ethical basis of the free market economy.
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
assassination of President McKinley; Meat Inspection Act; unveiling of Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom" program; Federal Reserve Act
The organization of middle-class and upper-class women and impoverished immigrants founded in 1903 to bring women workers into unions was called the
Women's Trade Union League.
In 1882 and again in 1902, the United States Congress passed laws excluding immigrants from China.
True
Populists in western states endorsed woman suffrage.
True
Southern Populists forged notable alliances between black and white farmers.
True
In the 1880s and 1890s, blacks no longer served in the United States Congress.
False
In the late nineteenth century, black women were largely excluded from jobs as secretaries, typists, and department store clerks.
True
Beginning about 1880, "new immigrants" were welcomed with open arms by the American people.
False
Most Americans who looked to expand America's influence overseas were interested, not in territorial possessions, but in expanded trade.
True
An oversupply of cotton on the world market, which led to a sharp decline in prices, contributed to a farmers' revolt and gave rise to the Populist Movement.
True
Government intervention was vital to the defeats of the 1892 Homestead strike and the 1894 Pullman strike.
True
Turn-of-the-century segregation laws were passed in clear defiance of Supreme Court rulings.
False
In 1915, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the "grandfather clause" for violating the Fifteenth Amendment.
True
Like the American Federation of Labor, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was infused with the social elitism of the times.
True
Only after Spain threatened to invade America did the United States elect to go to war.
False
The 1890s saw a widespread imposition not only of disfranchisement, but also of segregation in the South.
True
The election of 1896 is sometimes called the first modern presidential campaign, in part, because of the amount of money spent—William McKinley raised some $10 million, while William Jennings Bryant raised only around $300,000.
True
By 1900, southern per capita income was only sixty percent of that of the national average.
True
In 1894 a coalition of white Populists and black Republicans won control of North Carolina, bringing the state into a sort of "second Reconstruction."
True
One consequence of the bitter attacks on African Americans' political rights across the South was that, by 1940, 97 percent of adult black Southerners were not registered to vote.
True
Tom Watson, who had earlier been a leading figure in forging an interracial Populist coalition had, by the early twentieth century, emerged as a power in Georgia, whipping up prejudice against African Americans, Catholics, and Jews.
True
In the late nineteenth century urban workers rallied in support of Populist farmers.
False
In 1894, in one of the most decisive shifts in congressional power in American history, the nation's urban working class shifted en masse to the Republican Party, and Republicans gained 117 seats in the House of Representatives.
True
As the subordination of blacks grew more rigid, American attitudes toward immigrants grew more tolerant.
False
In a show of democratic solidarity on the part of the American people, the Farmers' Alliance, especially in the southern states, welcomed black farmers into the Alliance.
False
Segregation was more than a form of racial separation. It was one part of an all-encompassing system of white domination.
True
Ironically, the Farmers Alliance found greater support among industrial workers than among small farmers.
False
Until the Great Migration of black Americans from the rural South to the urban North during World War I, the vast majority of African Americans lived in the South.
True
Southern Democrats persistently raised to the threat of "Negro domination" to justify denying blacks the right to vote.
True
With the exception of some dockworkers' and mine laborers' unions, blacks were excluded from membership in the few unions that existed in the South in the late nineteenth century.
True
Between 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000–60,000 African Americans migrated to
Kansas
"The splendid little war" of 1898 was
the Spanish-American War.
What 1893 United States Supreme Court decision authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law?
Fong Yue Ting
Which was not principally one of the networks by which women exerted a growing influence on public affairs in the late nineteenth century?
political party organizations
Who was the future American president who made a national name for himself by charging up San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders?
Theodore Roosevelt
From 1880 to the mid-twentieth century, the number of people lynched reached nearly
5,000
Which of the following was not a central principle of the American Federation of Labor?
It is vital that unions include workers of all backgrounds, regardless of race, ethnicity, sex, or skill.
The "subtreasury plan" was
a plan to establish federal warehouses where farmers could store crops until they were sold.
Which was not one of the devices used by Southern whites to keep blacks from exercising suffrage?
a religious test
The largest citizens' movement of the nineteenth century was
the Farmers Alliance.
Which of the following was not a major reason for America's imperial expansion?
a desire to broaden the exposure of Americans to different cultures
In February 1898, what ship exploded in Havana Harbor with a loss of nearly 270 lives?
the battleship Maine
The immigrants facing the harshest reception in late nineteenth-century America were those arriving from
China
Which of the following was not a leading strategy of the Populists?
using vigilante tactics to intimidate farmers who failed to join the cause
Which of the following was not a grievance of the Farmers Alliance and the Populists?
excessive power of the labor unions
Who was the African-American leader who delivered a speech in 1895 at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging black Americans to adjust to segregation and stop agitating for civil and political rights?
Booker T. Washington
The congressman from Nebraska who was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896, and who called for the "free coinage" of silver was
William Jennings Bryan.
What landmark United States Supreme Court decision gave approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks?
Plessy vs. Ferguson
The name for the coalition of black Republicans and anti-Redeemer Democrats that governed the state of Virginia from 1879 to 1883 was
the Readjuster movement.
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Kansas Exodus; Civil Rights Cases; Booker T. Washington's Atlanta address; Plessy v. Ferguson
What was the name of the labor organization of principally white, male, skilled workers that arose in the 1880s and was headed by Samuel Gompers?
the American Federation of Labor
Which of the following was not a factor behind the spread of segregation and disfranchisement laws in the South?
a growing insistence by blacks that whites simply leave them alone
What was the name of the naval officer and his 1890 book that argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating overseas bases?
Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
The Women's Christian Temperance Union began by demanding the prohibition of alcoholic drinks, but developed into an organization
calling for a comprehensive program of economic and political reforms, including the right to vote.
The 1892 People's Party platform, written by Ignatius Donnelly and adopted at the party's Omaha convention, proposed all of the following except
a decentralization over the control of currency.
The coalition of merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs who dominated politics in the American South after 1877 called themselves
Redeemers.
During the 1880s, the South as a regional whole
sank deeper and deeper into poverty.
The 1892 presidential election was won by
Grover Cleveland, the Democrat.
A leading opponent of American imperialism was
William Jennings Bryan.
The 1897 Dingley Tariff
raised tariff rates to their highest level in American history to that time.
What war lasted from 1899 to 1903, in which 4,200 Americans and over 100,000 Filipinos perished?
the Philippine War
What was the name of the 1899 policy established by Secretary of State John Hay with regard to China?
the Open Door policy
The nation's urban working class voters shifted their support en masse to the Republican Party in 1894 in significant degree because
republicans claimed that raising tariff rates would restore prosperity by protecting manufacturers and industrial workers from the competition of cheap imported goods.
The Redeemers in the South
slashed state budgets, cut taxes, and reduced spending on hospitals and public schools.
The leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in May 1894 to demand economic relief was
Jacob Coxey.
What was the name of the railroad car company against which workers struck in 1894?
Pullman
In 1900, in the entire South, how many public high schools for blacks existed?
none
The Democrats were the party of big government; the Republicans were the party of laissez-faire.
False
Inspired in part by President Garfield’s assassination by a disappointed office seeker, the Civil Service Act of 1883 created a merit system for federal employees.
True
The West was a remarkably homogeneous region —only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse.
False
Ida Tarbell authored the famous novel House of Mirth , which depicted the downfall of a young woman trying to "marry up" in society.
False
In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant announced a new "peace policy" in the West.
True
By the 1880s, the labor situation was such that Texas cowboys even went on strike for higher pay.
True
American presidents during the Gilded Age exerted strong, effective, executive leadership.
False
Following the Civil War, generals like Philip H. Sheridan set out to destroy the foundations of the Indian economy.
True
The extermination of the North American bison (buffalo) drastically undermined the livelihood of the Plains Indians.
True
The new Indian tribes that migrated to the Great Plains were greeted with open arms and friendly words by the Indians already living there.
False
The term "Lochnerism" derived from the 1905 Supreme Court decision Lochner v. New York , in which the Court voided the state's law establishing a 10-hour day maximum for bakers.
True
The term "Lochnerism" derived from the 1905 Supreme Court decision Lochner v. New York , in which the Court voided the state's law establishing a 10-hour day maximum for bakers.
True
By the early 1890s, a pension system for Union soldiers, their widows and children, consumed more than 40 percent of the federal budget.
True
Neither of the two main political parties embraced any serious federal program to cushion citizens from poverty or unemployment.
True
At the Battle of Little Big Horn, General George Armstrong Custer ’s troops were victorious.
False
The Civil Service Act of 1883 marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines.
True
"Vertical integration" is defined as one company controlling every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution.
True
The Haymarket Affair resulted in the hanging of four convicted anarchists.
True
The most famous Indian victory in American history took place in June 1876 when General George A. Custer and his 250 men perished.
True
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which banned combinations and practices that restrain free trade, proved an immediate success, both for its clarity of language and ease of enforcement.
False
The Electricity Building at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 astonished visitors and illustrated how electricity was changing the visual landscape.
True
According to Social Darwinism, government should seek to help the poor, and build an activist state to regulate the nation's corporations.
False
On 29 December 1890, soldiers killed between 150 and 200 Indians, most women and children, near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.
True
During the second industrial revolution, wage labor became America's leading source of livelihood.
True
During the two decades following the Civil War which were known as the golden age of the cattle kingdom, cowboys were highly paid.
False
The Knights of Labor regarded inequalities of wealth and power as a growing threat to American democracy.
True
With the mechanization of manufacture, skilled workers virtually disappeared from industrial America.
False
A significant amount of Mexican-era landholdings were made available for sale because United States courts only recognized land titles to individual plots of land.
True
Wage reductions were commonplace during economic downturns.
True
Yale professor William Graham Sumner believed that America could achieve its ideals only with fair, progressive, taxation.
False
The Social Gospel movement concentrated on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking and saw nothing immoral about the pursuit of riches.
False
All of the following were Captains of Industry except
Samuel Gompers
By 1913, the United States produced how much of the world's industrial output?
1/3
The 1887 Dawes Act
led to the loss of tribal lands, and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions.
What Indian chief said, "If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace. There need be no trouble. Treat all men alike. Give them the same law. Give them all and even chance to live and grow"?
Chief Joseph
Which of the following was not a key episode of the "great upheaval" of 1886?
America's first nationwide railroad strike
Which of the following was not a major reason for the decline and subjugation of the American Indian?
Indifference to the advantages of guns and horses weakened Indian resistance to U.S. military power.
Which of the following best describes the "Ghost Dance?"
feared by U.S. Army officials
In 1890 the distribution of wealth in the United States was
the top 1 percent of Americans owned more property than the remaining 99 percent.
According to Eric Foner, the federal government contributed to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century by
granting land to railroads, removing Indians from desirable lands in the West, and enacting high tariffs.
What was the name of the organization that sought to organize both skilled and unskilled workers, women as well as men, blacks along with whites, and achieved a membership of nearly 800,000 in 1886?
the Knights of Labor
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Munn v. Illinois; Wabash v. Illinois; Interstate Commerce Act; Lochner v. New York
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the years from 1873 to 1897 were known as
the Great Depression.
The book in which Henry George proposed a "single tax" on real estate that would replace all other taxes is titled
Progress and Poverty.
Which of the following was not a theme of Social Darwinism?
The growing gulf between the haves and the have-nots poses a dire threat to American freedom.
Which of the following was John D. Rockefeller’s Company?
Standard Oil
Which of the following was not a key episode of the "great upheaval" of 1886?
America's first nationwide railroad strike
Which of the following was not a focus of debate between Democrats and Republicans during the Gilded Age?
federal income tax levels
The phrase that best captures the vision of the Knights of Labor is
cooperative commonwealth
The political "boss" of New York City in the early 1870s was
William Marcy Tweed.
Which of the following was not true of the second industrial revolution?
A boom in automobile manufacture spurred the rise of oil, rubber, and steel production.
The politics of Gilded Age America was said to be
a time of dishonesty and corruption in which corporations battled each other for special consideration by local state and federal governments.
Which census revealed for the first time that there were more non-farming jobs than farming jobs in the United States?
1880
The Industrial Revolution in the United States took place principally in
the Northeast and the Midwest.
In the late nineteenth century, the Republican Party found particularly strong support among all of the following except
Irish-Americans.
The spirit of innovation contributed importantly to the dynamic and expansive growth of the American economy in the late nineteenth century. Which of the following was not an innovation of the 1870s and 1880s?
the airplane
Which was not a central factor in the explosive economic growth in the second Industrial Revolution?
low tariffs
Which of the following can be associated with the death of the Knights of Labor?
Haymarket Square
Between 1870 in 1920, how many immigrants arrived from overseas?
25 million
Two of the Gilded Age's leading business figures were
Thomas A. Scott and Andrew Carnegie.
The first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity, and ensure that railroad rates were reasonable and favoritism avoided was
the Interstate Commerce Commission.
After emancipation, many freedwomen elected to withdraw from work in the fields and focus their energies at home.
True
The Black Codes were laws passed by southern Republicans to promote black rights.
False
Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens argued that planters' land should be confiscated and redistributed among former slaves.
True
"Scalawags" were southern white Republicans.
True
The Fifteenth Amendment granted the vote to white women but not black women.
False
Under Radical Reconstruction, blacks held most of the South's top elected positions.
False
During the 1872 elections, the Liberal Republicans argued that Reconstruction was a failure.
True
The Bargain of 1877 marked the formal end to Reconstruction.
True
Between 1880 and 1940 there were more white sharecroppers than black sharecroppers.
True
Presidential Reconstruction (1865–1867) was a success.
False
Black Codes denied black Americans the right to testify against whites, serve on juries or in state militias, or vote.
True
Black Codes sometimes assigned black children to work for their former masters without parental consent.
True
In 1866, the Civil Rights Bill became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.
True
The period of Radical Reconstruction began in March 1867 with Congress's adoption of the Reconstruction Act over the president's veto and ended in 1877.
True
Prior to ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment the rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights applied only to laws made by the federal government, not to laws made by individual states.
True
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading figures in the women's rights movement, were strong supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment.
False
During Radical Reconstruction, following ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, the vast majority of eligible African Americans registered to vote.
True
During Reconstruction some 2,000 African Americans held public office, among them fourteen in the United States House of Representatives and two U.S. Senators.
True
Some 700 blacks sat in state legislatures during Reconstruction.
True
Robert Smalls, a black representative in the United States House of Representatives, was elected to five terms in Congress.
False
Among the important accomplishments of Reconstruction in state governments was the establishment of the South's first state-supported public schools.
True
During Reconstruction, a number of state governments initiated civil rights legislation that made it illegal for railroads, hotels, and other institutions to discriminate on the basis of race.
True
In consequence of the Reconstruction governments across the South, the region became a vibrant and successful hub of dynamic and expansive economic growth, allowing many African Americans to escape from poverty
False
While corruption was almost non-existent in the North, it was rampant in the South.
False
Opposition to Reconstruction resulted from the distaste many southerners had for tax increases that were needed to fund public schools and other improvements, and also because many white southerners could not accept black Americans voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law.
True
The KKK was founded in 1866 as a social club in Tennessee and served, in effect, as a military arm of the Democratic Party.
True
The Ku Klux Klan sought to uphold the American ideal of equality and justice for all.
False
In 1873, the country was plunged into an economic depression and support among Republicans for further reforms in the South weakened.
True
In the Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment had not altered traditional federalism.
True
"Redeemers" saved the South from the corrupt ways of Reconstruction politics and redeemed the South for fair and equal treatment for all Americans.
False
Black Americans continued to hold offices in the South into the 1890s.
True
The Civil Rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the Second Reconstruction.
True
The "subtreasury plan" was
a plan to establish federal warehouses where farmers could store crops until they were sold.
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
Kansas Exodus; Civil Rights Cases; Booker T. Washington's Atlanta address; Plessy v. Ferguson
"The splendid little war" of 1898 was
the Spanish-American War.
What was the name of the naval officer and his 1890 book that argued that no nation could prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating overseas bases?
Alfred T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
Which of the following was not a grievance of the Farmers Alliance and the Populists?
excessive power of the labor unions
The congressman from Nebraska who was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1896, and who called for the "free coinage" of silver was
William Jennings Bryan.
The leader of the band of several hundred unemployed men who marched on Washington in May 1894 to demand economic relief was
Jacob Coxey.
Which of the following was not a central principle of the American Federation of Labor?
It is vital that unions include workers of all backgrounds, regardless of race, ethnicity, sex, or skill.
In 1900, in the entire South, how many public high schools for blacks existed?
none
The name for the coalition of black Republicans and anti-Redeemer Democrats that governed the state of Virginia from 1879 to 1883 was
the Readjuster movement.
During the 1880s, the South as a regional whole
sank deeper and deeper into poverty.
Who was the future American president who made a national name for himself by charging up San Juan Hill with the Rough Riders?
Theodore Roosevelt
The Women's Christian Temperance Union began by demanding the prohibition of alcoholic drinks, but developed into an organization
calling for a comprehensive program of economic and political reforms, including the right to vote.
Which of the following was not a leading strategy of the Populists?
using vigilante tactics to intimidate farmers who failed to join the cause
Which of the following was not a major reason for America's imperial expansion?
a desire to broaden the exposure of Americans to different cultures
The Redeemers in the South
slashed state budgets, cut taxes, and reduced spending on hospitals and public schools.
What was the name of the railroad car company against which workers struck in 1894?
Pullman
The 1892 presidential election was won by
Grover Cleveland, the Democrat.
What landmark United States Supreme Court decision gave approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for whites and blacks?
Plessy vs. Ferguson
The 1892 People's Party platform, written by Ignatius Donnelly and adopted at the party's Omaha convention, proposed all of the following except
a decentralization over the control of currency.
The immigrants facing the harshest reception in late nineteenth-century America were those arriving from
China
Which was not one of the devices used by Southern whites to keep blacks from exercising suffrage?
a religious test
The nation's urban working class voters shifted their support en masse to the Republican Party in 1894 in significant degree because
republicans claimed that raising tariff rates would restore prosperity by protecting manufacturers and industrial workers from the competition of cheap imported goods.
Which was not principally one of the networks by which women exerted a growing influence on public affairs in the late nineteenth century?
political party organizations
Who was the African-American leader who delivered a speech in 1895 at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition urging black Americans to adjust to segregation and stop agitating for civil and political rights?
Booker T. Washington
The coalition of merchants, planters, and business entrepreneurs who dominated politics in the American South after 1877 called themselves
Redeemers.
What was the name of the labor organization of principally white, male, skilled workers that arose in the 1880s and was headed by Samuel Gompers?
the American Federation of Labor
The 1897 Dingley Tariff
raised tariff rates to their highest level in American history to that time.
What 1893 United States Supreme Court decision authorized the federal government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law?
Fong Yue Ting
Which of the following was not a factor behind the spread of segregation and disfranchisement laws in the South?
a growing insistence by blacks that whites simply leave them alone
The largest citizens' movement of the nineteenth century was
the Farmers Alliance.
What war lasted from 1899 to 1903, in which 4,200 Americans and over 100,000 Filipinos perished?
the Philippine War
From 1880 to the mid-twentieth century, the number of people lynched reached nearly
5,000.
In February 1898, what ship exploded in Havana Harbor with a loss of nearly 270 lives?
the battleship Maine
Between 1879 and 1880, an estimated 40,000–60,000 African Americans migrated to
Kansas.
What was the name of the 1899 policy established by Secretary of State John Hay with regard to China?
the Open Door policy
A leading opponent of American imperialism was
William Jennings Bryan.
Which was not one of the "voices of protest" heard in the United States during the mid-1930s?
Mary Lease's "raise less corn, and more hell" movement
Which of the following was not a key factor in Franklin Roosevelt's landslide victory over Herbert Hoover in 1932?
Voters were impressed by the elaborate blueprints for Roosevelt's New Deal program.
The initial flurry of legislation during Roosevelt's first three months in office is called
the "Hundred Days."
The National Recovery Administration (NRA), headed by Hugh S. Johnson, set codes that set prices and wages in many American industries; the NRA's symbol, which stores and factories that abided by the code displayed, was
the blue eagle.
In the mid-1930s, Unions of industrial workers, led by John L. Lewis, founded a new labor organization, called
the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
In March 1933, Congress established the federal government as a direct employer of the unemployed when it authorized the hiring of young men to work on projects to improve national parks, forests, and flood control, called
the Civilian Conservation Corps.
Which of the following was not a contributing factor in the winding down of New Deal reform by the late 1930s?
a belief that the New Deal, having vanquished the Great Depression, was no longer necessary
Which of the following was not a theme of Popular Front radicalism?
The denial of civil liberties must be challenged wherever it arises—from capitalist America to communist Russia.
The Commissioner of Indian Affairs who launched an "Indian New Deal" that ended a policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy, and who secured the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, was
John Collier.
Which was not the case with regard to American labor and workers in 1934?
Farmers from California to Maine led a general strike for shorter hours, better pay, and improved working conditions.
The Civil Works Administration (CWA), employed more than 4 million persons in
construction of tunnels, highways, courthouses, and airports.
The emphasis of the Second New Deal was on
economic security, in an effort to protect Americans against poverty and unemployment.
At a time of widespread hunger in the United States, the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) did all of the following, except
ordered a vast expansion in the production of cotton, wheat, barley, and corn across the Midwest in an effort to stave off hunger and starvation.
Who authored The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money and asserted that large-scale government deficit-spending was appropriate during economic downturns?
John Maynard Keynes
Which of the following was not a significant motivation behind the New Deal?
reviving America's commitment to family values at a time when they seemed to be in decline
What 1935 law outlawed "unfair labor practices," and was known at the time as "Labor's Magna Carta"?
the Wagner Act
Which is not true of Franklin D. Roosevelt?
He served as governor of Massachusetts in the 1920s.
Who was not a member of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's "brains trust" at the outset of his presidency?
Andrew Mellon
A major slogan of popular protest during the 1930s was
"Don't buy where you can't work."
In addressing the sense of crisis in the nation, Franklin Delano Roosevelt sought to reassure the public in his inaugural address, declaring
"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."
Conservative critics of the New Deal regularly argued that
all of the above.
Which was not created by the Social Security Act of 1935, which launched the American welfare state?
minimum wage and child labor laws
The effort undertaken on the part of the federal government to supply cheap electrical power for homes and factories in a seven-state region, preventing flooding, and putting the federal government in the business of selling electricity by building a series of dams was called
the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Franklin Roosevelt appointed who, a prominent educator, as special adviser on minority affairs?
Mary McLeod Bethune
Which of the following was not a key thrust of the Second New Deal?
guaranteed health care for every American citizen
Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?
National Industrial Recovery Act; labor upheaval of 1934; Wagner Act; Flint sit-down strike
Which was not a decision of the United States Supreme Court in 1934–1936 concerning New Deal legislation?
It declared the Civilian Conservation Corps constitutional, insofar as it abided the interstate commerce clause in the United States Constitution.
The House of Representatives' Un-American Activities Committee, established in 1938, set out to investigate disloyalty with an expansive definition of "un-American" that included all of the following groups, except
the right wing of the Republican Party.
When nine young black men—the "Scottsboro boys"—were arrested for the rape of two white women in Alabama in 1931, the Communist-dominated International Labor Defense represented them in what became an international cause célèbre.
T
Russia and Germany suffered under the tyrants Stalin and Hitler during the 1930s.
T
Eleanor Roosevelt's name before she married Franklin Delano Roosevelt was also Eleanor Roosevelt—she and her husband were distant cousins.
T
Black Americans were unwelcome as members of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
F
The 1930s proved to be the heyday of American Communism through the Popular Front.
T
By the end of the 1930s, civil liberties had achieved a central place in the New Deal understanding of freedom.
T
The 1936 election saw the crystallizing of the "New Deal coalition."
T
In the 1934 and 1936 elections, black Americans abandoned their traditional allegiance to the Republican Party in favor of the Democrats and the New Deal.
T
A person's Social Security benefits derive from contributions that they themselves make into the program, from each and every paycheck throughout their working lives.
T
Section 7a of the National Recovery Administration recognized the rights of workers to organize unions.
T
When Franklin Roosevelt set out to appoint additional Justices of the United States Supreme Court in an effort to keep the Court from invalidating legislative measures of the Second New Deal, most Americans supported his initiative.
F
Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the presidency in 1933 with a complex, detailed blueprint for dealing with the Great Depression.
F
After a decade of Republican domination, Democrats won both the presidency and both houses of Congress in the 1932 election.
T
Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of "first lady," making it a base for political action.
T
The break-up of large corporations is essential to economic recovery—this was a core principle of the New Deal.
F
The Tennessee Valley Authority brought electric power to many Americans for the first time.
T
While the status of Mexican-Americans improved markedly under the New Deal, that of American Indians grew substantially worse.
F
In the 1930s, good rains and good weather resulted in bountiful crops in Oklahoma, Texas, Kansas, and Colorado.
F
The National Recovery Act was modeled on the government-business partnership of the War Industries Board of World War I.
T
In a blow to Mexican-Americans and many other agricultural workers, the Wagner and Social Security Acts did not apply to them.
T
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) exempted businesses from antitrust laws.
T
Grassroots protest movements—such as those led by Upton Sinclair, Huey Long, Father Charles Coughlin, and Dr. Francis Townsend—did much to fuel the passage of the landmark Social Security Act.
T
The New Deal continued to expand throughout Roosevelt's second term; only with the coming of World War II would its momentum expire.
F
The Congress of Industrial Organizations enjoyed broad appeal among skilled workers but found little support among the nation's millions of unskilled workers.
F
Roosevelt's declaration of a four-day "bank holiday," along with emergency banking legislation, shored up citizens' confidence in the nation's banks, and in 1936, no bank failures were recorded.
T
Beginning with a sit-down strike of 7,000 General Motors workers in Cleveland, Ohio, sit-down strikes spread to Flint, Michigan and elsewhere in the mid-1930s.
T
The first "hundred days" of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's presidency witnessed the greatest expansion in the role of the federal government in the nation's history.
T
By 1940, union membership had more than doubled from that of 1930.
T
The broad-ranging federal legislation that transformed the federal government's role in the American economy during the first two years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency brought the nation out of economic depression, and resulted in nearly full employment.
F
The National Industrial Recovery Act boosted the prospects for American unionism, but did little to restore economic prosperity.
T
The original Social Security Bill included a national system of health insurance, but this provision was dropped after fierce opposition from the American Medical Association.
T
The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) ensured millions of mortgages issued by private banks; and during the 1930s, the federal government set out, for the first time, to build thousands of units of low-rent housing for American citizens.
T
Federal programs such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act helped nearly all sharecroppers live better, more productive, and more profitable lives.
F
Between 1929 and 1933, about 5,000 banks (one-third of the nation's total) failed.
T