Micro/simple

Front 1

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 1

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 2

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 2

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 3

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 3

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 4

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 4

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 5

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 5

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 6

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 6

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 7

What is Cholera?

Back 7

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 8

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 8

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 9

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 9

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 10

What is cholergen?

Back 10

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 11

What is Choler/

Back 11

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 12

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 12

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 13

What is cholergen?

Back 13

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 14

What is Choler/

Back 14

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 15

What is cholergen?

Back 15

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 16

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 16

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 17

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 17

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 18

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 18

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 19

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 19

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 20

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 20

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 21

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 21

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 22

What is Choler/

Back 22

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 23

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 23

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 24

What is Choler/

Back 24

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 25

What is cholergen?

Back 25

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 26

What is cholergen?

Back 26

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 27

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 27

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 28

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 28

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 29

What is Choler/

Back 29

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 30

What is cholergen?

Back 30

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 31

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 31

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 32

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 32

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 33

What is yersinia enterocolitica?

Back 33

It is a motile Gram negative rod that causes gastroenteritis. it may be ingested from contaminated foods such as milk from domestic farm animals or fecally contaminated water.

Front 34

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 34

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 35

The pathogenesis of yersinia is twofold. What is it/

Back 35

1. Invasion- Like Salmonella typhi, this organism possesses virulence factors that allow binding to the intestinal wall and systemic invasion into regional lymph nodes.
2. Enterotoxin- It can secrete an enterotoxin very similar to the heat stable enterotoxin of E. coli.

Front 36

What is Choler/

Back 36

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 37

List 4 other members of the Enterobacteriacae.

Back 37

1. Edwardsiella
2. Citrobacter
3. Hafnia
4. Providencia

Front 38

What is cholergen?

Back 38

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 39

What is Choler/

Back 39

It is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera. It is transmitted by the fecal oral route. the bacteria attach to the epithelial cells and release cholera toxin called "cholergen". Rice water diarrhea appears to be classic for this organism.

Front 40

What is cholergen?

Back 40

It has the same mechanism as LT toxin. there is one A subunit(action) attached to 5 B subunits(binding) The B subunit binds to the GM1 ganglioside on the intestinal epithelial cell surface, allowing entry of the A subunit. In the cell, the A subunit activates G protein which stimulates the activity of a membrane bound adenylate cyclase resulting in the production of cAMP.

Front 41

What is the pathogenesis of cholergen/

Back 41

Intracellular cAMP results in active secretion of Na+ and Cl- as well as the inhibition of Na+ and Cl reabsorption. Fluid, bicarbonate and potassium are lost with the osmotic pull of the of the NaCl as it travels down the intestine.

Front 42

What is Vibrio parahemolyticus?

Back 42

This organism is a marine bacterium that causes gastroenteritis after ingestion of uncooked seafood(sushi). It is the leading cause of diarrhea in Japan.

Front 43

What is Campylobacter jejuni?

Back 43

It is a Gram- rod that looks like Vibrio cholera with a single polar flagellum. It is a zoonotic disease. It is spread via the fecal oral route via contaminated water and through unpasteurized milk. It secretes an LT toxin simolar to that of E. coli and an unknown cytotoxin.

Front 44

What organisms are the three most common causes of diarrhea in the world?

Back 44

Campylobacter jejuni/ETEC/Rotavirus.

Front 45

Regarding Helicobacter pylori it is the most common cause of duodenal ulcers, and it can be cultured from duodenal ulcers and craters. TRUE/FALSE

Back 45

TRUE.

Front 46

Peptol bismol has bismuth salts, which inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori. TRUE/FALSE

Back 46

TRUE.

Front 47

Are there other drugs that may discourage the growth of H. pylori?

Back 47

Metronidazole, ampicillin and/or tetracycline clears H. pylori.

Front 48

What is pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Back 48

It is an obligate aerobe, Gram- rod. It produces a green fluorescent pigment(fluorescein) and a blue pigment(pyocyanin) which gives colonies and infected wound dressings a greenish blue coloration, and produces a sweet grape like scent. It is resistant to almost every antibiotic.

Front 49

Does it produce exotoxins?

Back 49

Yes. It elaborates numerous exotoxins including exotoxin A. (stops protein synthesis). Some strains also posses a capsule that is antiphagocytic and aids in adhesion to target cells(lungs).

Front 50

List some diseases caused by P. aeruginosa?

Back 50

1. Pneumonia-many cystic fibrosis patients develop chronic fatal infections.
2.Osteomyelitis- Diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing foot ulcers resulting in osteomyelitis.
3.I/V drug users have an increased risk of clavilcle or vertebrae osteomyelitis.
4. UTIs
5. Endocarditis- Staph. aureus and P.aeruginosa are frequent causes of right heart valve endocarditis in I/V drug users.
6. Malignant external otitis.

Front 51

Are there available antibiotics for P. aeruginosa/

Back 51

Penicillin is usually combined with an aminoglycoside for synergy(piperacillin and gentamicin)

Front 52

What is Bacteroides fragilis?

Back 52

viridans are G= microaerophilic and are frequently isolated from abscesses. It is one of the few Gram neg bacteria that does not have lipid A in its outer cell membrane. It does have a capsule. It lives peacefully in the intestine, and is rarely present in the mouth. Following abdominal surgery anerobe antibiotics are usually given. (Clindamycin, Flagyl, Caf and others.

Front 53

What is Bcaterioides melaninogenicus?

Back 53

It produces a black pigment when grown on blood agar. It lives in the mouth , vagina and intestine. It may cause a necrotizing anaerobic pneumonias by aspiration of sputum.

Front 54

Are there Gram + anaerobic cocci/

Back 54

Peptostreptococcus are G+ anerobes that are part of the normal flora of the mouth, vagina and intestine.
Streptococcus viridans are G + microaerophilic and are frequently isolated from abscesses. these are O2 hating critters and have many names, such as Strep. anginosus and Strep. milleri, and are part of the normal flora.

Front 55

Stains are solutions consisting of a solvent(H2O or ethanol) and a colored molecule, the chromagen. TRUE/FALSE

Back 55

TRUE.

Front 56

What is a chromophore?

Back 56

It is the portion of the chromagen that gives off its color.

Front 57

What is the auxochrome?

Back 57

It is the charged portion of a chromagen that allows it to act as a dye through ionic or covalent bonds between the chromagen and the cell.

Front 58

What is a Basic staain?

Back 58

Basic stains( where the auxachrome becomes positively charged as a result of picking up a hydrogen ion or losing a hydroxide ion) are attracted to the negative charges on the surface of most bacterial cells.

Front 59

List three basic stains/

Back 59

1. Methylene blue
2. crystal violet
3. Safranin

Front 60

Basic stains have a positively charged chromagen(C+), which forms an ionicx bond with the negatively charged bacterial cell, thus colorizing the cell. TRUE/FALSE

Back 60

TRUE.