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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Thiamine Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function = carb metabolism
Deficiency =
At risk = alcoholics, poverty
Dietary source = pork, enriched grains
Toxicity = none |
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Riboflavin Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function = coenzyme in energy metabolism Deficiency = Ariboflavinosis (vascularization of cornea, stomatitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, cheilosis) At risk= alcoholics Dietary source = milk and milk products Toxicity= none |
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Niacin Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Comes in two forms: nicotinic acid (toxic at high doses, lowers LDL) and nicotinamide (no toxic side effects but doesn't lower LDL)
Function = coenzyme in energy metabolism Deficiency = pellagra, classic area of dermatitis "castle's neck" it's photosensitive + diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death At risk= alcoholics Dietary source= enriched grains Toxicity= niacin flush (head to toe, itching, nausea, liver damage) |
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Vitamin B6 Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function = amino acid transformations (transamination) Deficiency= rarely encountered (lessons of skin and mucosa, sideroblastic anemia, neuronal dysfunction including convulsions) At risk = alcoholics, people taking isoniazid for TB Dietary source= protein rich foods Toxicity = nerve destruction at high doses |
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Folate (folic acid) Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= transfer of methyl groups Deficiency = megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida At risk = alcoholics and those on anticonvulsant therapy Dietary source= leafy green vegetables, enriched grains Toxicity = none likely, supplements with >1mg require a Rx |
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Vitamin B12 Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= myelin sheath and DNA synthesis Deficiency= megaloblastic anemia, nerve damage and pernicious anemia At risk= requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed, alcoholics Dietary source= animal foods only reliable source Toxicity= high B12 can cause irreversible nerve damage and death. |
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Pantothenic acid Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= CoA and FA synthesis Deficiency = burning feet syndrome At risk = rare, alcoholics, raw egg whts contain acidic a preteen which inhibits absorption Dietary source = egg yolks, liver, GI bacteria Toxicity= none |
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= collagen synthesis, antioxidant Deficiency= scurvy (abnormal bone development in kids, easy bruising and bleeding, loosening of teeth and swollen gums, poor wound healing, osteoporosis). Can see hemorrhage around the hair follicles. At risk= alcoholics Dietary source = fresh fruits and vegetables Toxicity = GI distress at doses greater than 1g, dental erosion |
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Vitamin A (retinoids) Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= night vision, anti-infection, antioxidant Deficiency = night blindness, xerophthalmia. First lose sensitivity to green light, then loss in ability to adapt to low light, then night blindness, and complete blindness. There's keratosis of the eye/cornea with bitot's spots. At risk= alcoholics, liver disease, fat malabsorption syndromes Dietary source= liver, fortified milk, corticoids (beta carotene can be converted to vitamin A) Toxicity = GI upset, headache, toxicity can be chronic or acute |
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Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= regulates blood Ca, strong bones, teeth Deficiency= kids get rickets, adults get osteomalacia At risk= elderly, liver disease, kidney disease Dietary source= fortified milk, sunlight Toxicity= over absorption of Ca, Ca gets deposited in the soft tissues |
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Vitamin E (tocopherols) Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= antioxidant Deficiency= hemolytic anemia in newborns At risk= rare (pre-term infants) Dietary source- plant oils Toxicity= appears non-toxic but recent reports indicate toxicity may be a problem from supplements |
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Vitamin K Function? Deficiency? At risk? Dietary source? Toxicity? |
Function= blood coagulation Deficiency= prolonged bleeding time At risk= rare, water soluble form of vitamin K routinely given to newborn infants. Fat malabsorption syndrome Dietary source= green leafy vegetables, liver, GI bacteria Toxicity= unlikely, excess can be excreted in urine |
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What are the groups most at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
Elderly, kids, pregnant women, alcoholics and people with chronic health conditions |
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Why are the elderly at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
Limited income = limited food options, poor oral health, presence of chronic disease, general decline in GI function and food/drug interactions |
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Why are kids at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
They have high energy and micronutrient needs but they're picky about eating. Their small body size increases the risk for micronutrient tocxicity. |
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Why are pregnant women at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
the issue of pregnant women relates to their unborn child.
Not a time to experiment with supplements, special prenatal supplement re available.
Morning sickness also makes it hard to keep food down and can cause deficiency if not eating properly |
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Why are alcoholics at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
Replaces most food in the diet but it has no vitmins/minerals. It also interferes with the absorption of nutrients and interferes with nutrient metabolism.
Someone with alcoholism is at an increased risk for toxicity and deficiency. |
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Why are people with chronic health conditions at risk for mineral/vitamin deficiencies? |
Dialysis patients have an increased loss because it clears out good and bad with dialysis. And then in between you get a build up.
People with malabsoption syndromes, if they don't absorb fats they can't absorb fat soluble vitamins. |
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What are vitamins? |
Organic compounds essential for normal physiologic function, cannot be synthesized by the body (exceptions = D, K, Niacin). They're not a source of energy
Function as enzyme co-factors in macro-nutrient metabolism as well as co-enzymes in ox-red reactions. Also act as antioxidants, reverse oxidants (C) and function as hormones and cofactors in photoreceptor. |
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What are minerals? |
They inorganic elements needed by the body in small amounts, they act as co-factors Divided by need Macro: Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl Micro: Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se |
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What are the factors that affect the bioavailability of minerals? |
**animal products are the best source for minerals since the content is more concentrated and bioavailable compared to plant sources |
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How doe the GI system play a role in micronutrient status? |
Importnat for the absorption of micronutrients but the gut micro biome also produces vitamin K.
Because babies are born with a sterile intestinal tract they're given vitamin K injection at birth to prevent hemorrhage. |
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What is subclinical deficiency? |
Means the micronutrient availability is inadequate but clinical and anatomical changes are not observed. Particularly applies to B12, D, Fe and Zn. Assessment of body stores as measure of recent dietary intake are lacking/imperfect and biomarkers for deficiency that occurs prior to deficiency don't exist. |
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Iodine deficiency =? Fe deficiency =? Biotin deficiency =? Ca deficiency =? |
Iodine deficiency = goiter Fe deficiency = people chew on ice, matches, kleenex Biotin deficiency = nausea, muscle pain and rash. eggs can bind to biotin and make it less available Ca deficiency = related to fat malabsorption, no vitamin D means that less Ca is absorbed |
