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134 Cards in this Set
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Lactobacillus |
nonspore forming gram + rods aerotolernt, no cytochrome system so no usage of O2 as final e- acceptor Produces lactic acid Good in acidic environments (vagina, mouth, used for pickle, buttermilk, and cheese/yogurt production). |
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Corynebacterium diptheriae |
Club shaped Causes diptheria Gram + |
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Propionibacterium acnes |
Found on skin May be a cause of acne Gram + |
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Mycobacteria |
Aerorobic, no endospores, nonmotile May form filaments Large number of lipids in cell walls, most are Acid-fast |
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Cause of teberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Cause of Leprosy |
Mycobacterium leprae |
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Nocardia |
Acid-Fast, form filaments which fragment into short rods Some spp. cause skin and lung infections. |
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Three groups of Archaea |
Methanogens Halobacteria Thermoacidophiles |
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Methanogens |
Archaea Combine H + CO2 to form Methane Only natural source of natural Methane, or Marsh Gas. |
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Thermoacidophiles |
Metabolize sulfur Live in extremely hot, acidic environments Archaea |
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Three groups of bacteria that use light as an energy source |
Green bacteria Purple bacteria Cyanobacteria |
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Reaction for Purple and Green Bacteria Sulfur Production |
HS+CO2+light-->Sugar+H2O+Sulfur Granules |
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Cyanobacteria |
Blue-green algae aerobic Usually Produce O2, some use sulfur compunds and dont produce O2 have specialized Heterocysts that have enzymes to fix N gas into ammonium ions |
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Actinomycetes |
Filamentous, causes Star-like growth family contains Streptomyces, which produce most of the commercial antibiotics |
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Mycology |
Study of fungi |
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Three types of fungi |
Yeast Molds Fleshy Fungi |
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Yeast |
Unicellular Used to make wine and beer, Bread, in the Hep B vaccine, as protein supplements for humans and cattle |
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Molds |
Multicellular and filamentous fungi |
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Fleshy Fungi |
Multicellular, filamentous Produce thick reproductive bodies |
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Percentage of fruits and vegtables harvested that are ruined by fungi |
25-50% |
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Dutch Elm Disease |
The wood boring Bark Beetle carry the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi. Blocks trees circulation spread in N Am. after WWI |
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Potatoes Blight |
Ireland mid-1800's potato crop ruined by Phytophthora infestans one million dead |
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Chestnut Tree Devastaion |
Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica from China in 1904 Allows tree roots to live and sprout shoots, but kills shoots killed almost all chestnut trees in US |
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Mycosis |
Human fungal infection usually chronic due to fungi's slow growth |
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5 groups of mycosis based on mode of entry to host and tissue involvement |
Systematic Subcutaneous Cutaneous Superficial Opprotunistic |
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Systemic mycosis |
deep within the body usually begins in lungs |
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Subcutaneous mycosis |
lives beneath the skin usually caused by soil fungi entering through open cut or wound |
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Cutaneous Mycosis |
caused by dermatophytes, or fungus that infects only the skin, hair,. and nails secrete keratinase to breakdown Keratin transferred via infected shower floor, scissors, or touch |
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superficial mycosis |
located on hair safts or on skins surface, usually face or scalp |
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Algae |
Photosynthetic, Eukaryotic, mostly aquatic bothj in Protista and Plant kingdoms asexually, some sexual reproduction planktonic algea in water giver ~80% earth's O2 |
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Chlorophyta |
Green algea cellulose in cell walls store starch in structures called pyrennids mostly microscopic |
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Bacillariophyta |
Diatoms unicellular or filamentous have complex pectin cell walls with silica two parts of wall that fit togeter Oil used to store engergy from Photosynthesis used in abbrasives and insulation |
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Pyrrophyta |
Dinoflagellates unicellular, planktonic, cell wall with cellulose and silica two flagella dioffering in structure and orientationa llows them to spin like tops Red tides, nuerotoxins |
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Phaeophyta |
Brown algea, kelp salt water algin from cell walls used as fod thickener 50 m growth in one season |
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Rhodophyta |
Red algae red pigments allow to absorb light @ greater depths, absorb bluie lgiht used to make agar |
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5 phyla of Algae |
Chlorophyta Bacillariophyta Pyrrophyta Phaeophyta Rhodophyta |
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Protozoa |
unicellular, eukaryotic protista kingdom genrally in water and soil Trophozoite state Psuedopod capsule |
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Trophozoite |
vegetative state of Protozoa feeds on bacteria and small particle nutrients |
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Psuedopod |
Protective capsule produced by Protozoa in adverse conditions |
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four types of Protozoa |
Ambae Flagellates Ciliates Apicomplexa |
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Ambae |
Protozoa with psudopodia Entamoeba histolytica eats RBCs and causes Ameobic Dysentery Ancanthamoeba infects cornea and causes Blindness |
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Flagellates |
Flagella Trichomonas vaginalis Trypanosoma |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
STD, toilets, towels vagina or urinary tract of males |
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Trypanosoma |
African Sleeping Sickness transmitted by Tsetse fly |
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Ciliates |
Protozoa with cilia Paramecium Balantidium coli enters large intestine when cysts are ingested and causes severe, rare type of dysentery |
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Apicomplexa |
non motile in mature form Plasmodium causes malaria, carried thorugh Anopheles Mosquito |
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Parasitic Helminths (4 types) |
Bilateralally symmetric Platyhelminthes Trematodes Cestodes Nematodes |
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Platyhelminthes |
Flat worms incomplete digestive system |
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Trematodes |
Flukes flat, leaf-shaped bodies, ventral and oral suckers hermaphroditic |
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Two types of Trematode infections in humans |
blood flukes and tissue flukes (liver, lungs, bile ducts, etc) |
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Cestodes |
Tapeworms head is called Scolex, has suckers absorb food thru cuticle hemaphrodite-proglottid body segments with both male and female parts mostly found i intestine |
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Nematodes |
roundworms complete digestive system dioecious, smaller males |
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four Nematodes |
Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Necator americanus Trichinella spiralis |
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Enterobius vermicularis |
Pin worms deposit eggs at anus |
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Necator americanus |
hookworms larve enter skin after hatching skin->lungs->swallowed->intestine |
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Trichinella spiralis |
causes Trichinosis cysts in pork/bear meat |
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Arthropods |
"jointed foot" exoskeleton, segmented bodies Vector sin disease |
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Arachnida |
8 legs spiders, mites (Sarcoptes scabiei causes scabies), Ticks (carry Rickettsia, causes Rocky mt. spotted fever). Lymes disease from ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi |
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Insecta |
6 legs Lice-Typhus Fleas-Plaghue caused by Yersinia pestis Flies- Tsetse fly with Trypanosoma Kissing bug with Triatoma and Kissing disease |
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Dmitri Iwanoski Russia 1892 |
Filtered diseased tobacco plant sap thru porclain filter for abcteria, but infectious agent still passed thru filter. Thoguht it was a small bacterium |
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Martinis Willem Beijerinck Holland 1898 |
found infectious agent copuld be dried, but inactivated by boiling temps. Named Virus, which means poison |
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Wendell M. Stanley American 1935 |
isolated TMV should physical and chem. proertied diferent than cells. crystallized virus, found proteins and nucleic acids |
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1939 for viruses |
first observed with electron microscope |
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Viruses |
seen with e- microscope, 20-14,000 nm wide obligate intracellular parasites single or double stranded DNA linear, circular or segmented DNA |
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Capsomeres |
identical subunits that make up viral capsid which determine the shape |
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Envelopes |
on some viruses covering capsid (vs. Naked) bilayer lipid membrane lipids, proteins, carbs may have glycoprotein spikes |
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four types of viruses |
Helical Polyhedral Enveloped Complex viruses |
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helical; viruses |
capsid wound around nucleic acid to from cylinder TMV, rabies |
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polyhedral virus |
from shape of cosahedron with 20 triangular faces polio, adenovirus |
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enveloped viruses |
mostly spherical, but some helical (flu) or polyhedral (herpes simplex virus). |
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host range |
different kinds of organisms a virus can infect |
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specificity |
specific kinds of cells a virus can infect |
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viron |
complete, fully developed infectious viral particle |
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Taxonomy of Viruses |
International committee on taxonomy of Viruses 1966 7 orders, 104, families, 4000 viruses family name ends in viridae |
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viral spp definition |
group of viruses sharing that same genetic information and ecological niche |
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Multiplication of T-Even bacteriophage |
attachment Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Release |
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Multiplication of animal viruses |
attachment Penetration Uncoating Biosynthesis Maturation Release |
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burst time |
time elapsed from when phage enters cell ot when new viruses can be released |
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burst size |
number of phage particles released from a single cell average is 50-200 |
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destroy cycle...lytic? |
when a virus sucseesfully enters host and reporoduces, destroying the host via lysing |
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Lysogenic cycle |
when viral DNA enters host cell DNA and remains latent for a period of time. |
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prophage |
the viral DNA after it is inserted into the host DNA. it is inactivated right now, until hosts machinery replicates it. signal to activate viral DNA, like UV or chemicals tells it to leave lysogenic and enter lytic cycle |
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specialized transduction |
restricted set of bacterial genes transferred to another bacterium. Donor genes depend on where phage genome is located on chrm. |
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Prion |
Stanley Prusiner 1982 found pure proton causing neurological disorder in sheep. prion = proteinaceous infectious particle |
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Spongiform Encephalopathies |
diseases caused by Prions cause large vacuoles to develop in brain Mad Cow Disease Creutz-Jakob Disease (CJD)- mental degeneration, loss of motor function, death |
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Viroids |
infectious pure RNA in plants only 300-400 nt long RNA, smaller than virus |
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HIV |
in Retrovirus family 2 identical strands of RNA, reverse transcriptase lipoprotein envelope with glycoprotein spikes GP120 spikes allow HIV to attach to CD4 receptor on Tcells and Macrophages Also needs co-receptors for chemokines |
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pathogens |
disease causing microorganisms |
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pathology |
study of diseases |
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etiology |
study of the cause of diease |
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pathogenesis |
manner in which a disease develops |
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infection |
invaded by pathogen |
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disease |
infection results in a change in the state of health |
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commensalism |
an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm. |
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opprotunists |
take advantage of a host with a weakened immune system or an altered microbiota. Many do not cause disease in a healthy host with normal immune system. |
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Koch's Postulates to prove something is a causative agent of the disease |
Must be observed in every case of disease Must be isolated and purified from host with disease Must cause disease when pure culture is inoculated into another host Must be re-isolated from second diseased host and re-identified as same agent |
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Exceptions to Koch's Postulates |
Mycobacterium leprae Treponema pallidum (syphilis) |
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symptoms |
change in bodily function |
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signs |
changes you can observe and measure |
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syndrome |
all signs together for a disease |
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communicable disease |
spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via airborne viruses or bacteria, but also through blood or other bodily fluid. The terms infectious and contagious are also used to describe communicable disease. |
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noncommunicable disease |
medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or non-transmissible. NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. |
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contagious disease |
subset category of communicable diseases which are transmitted, either by physical contact (hence the name-origin) with the person suffering the disease, or by casual contact with fluids or objects |
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incidence |
rate of occurrence of new cases of the disease |
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prevalance |
the proportion of cases in the population at a given time with he disease |
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sporadic |
occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances |
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endemic |
found in a certain geographic region or in a specific race of people. Malaria is endemic to parts of Africa, Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease endemic to Jews and French Canadians |
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epidemic |
widespread, affecting an "atypically large number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time," |
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pandemic |
worldwide spread of a new disease |
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acute |
a short course or sudden onset of a disease |
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chronic |
lasting 3 months or more, generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear. |
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latent |
remaining in an inactive or hidden phase; dormant. |
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bacteremia |
bacteria in blood |
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septicemia |
bacteria multiplying in blood because immune system cant handle it |
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toxemia |
presence of toxins in the blood |
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viremia |
viruses in blood |
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inapparent infections |
no signs or symptoms but still have infection |
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secondary infection |
occurs during or after treatment of another pre-existing infection |
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reservior of infection |
continual source of pathogen with conditions for survival, multiplication, and transmission of pathogen humans, soil, water, animals |
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three routes of infection |
Contact (direct, indirect using formite, droplets) Vehicle (water,food, and airborne) Vectors (mechanical, biological) |
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mechanical vs biological vectors |
mechanical the parasite doesn't multiply on or in vector. biological it competes parts of its life cycle |
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nosocomial infections |
infections from medical facilities 8th leading cause of death, 5-15% |
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five periods in the development of disease |
Period of incubation prodromal period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence |
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epidemiology |
where and when diseases occur and how theyre transmitted |
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morbidity |
incidence of notifiable diseases |
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mortality |
no. of deaths from those diseases |
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Nationally Notifiable Diseases |
Anthrax cholera botulism dengue fever leprosy gonorrhea |
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pathogenicity |
ability to cause disease |
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virulence |
degree of pathogenicity |
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parental route |
punctures/wounds in skin injections, bites, etc |
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ID50 |
no. or microbes in a dose that will cause disease in 50% of all hosts expression of virulence |
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LD50 |
potency of microorganisms no. of microbes in a dose that will kill 50% of all hosts |
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Adherence |
Pathogen has Ligands or Adhesin that attach complementary host receptors to bind |
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biofilms |
can act as a ligand on living or nonliving surfaces |
