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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Question
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Answer
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Innate Immune Response: -always present?
-response time -fixed or variable response? -# of specificities -change in response over time? -components (2) |
-always present?: yes
-response time: minutes to hours -fixed or variable response?: fixed -# of specificities: limited # of specificities -change in response over time?: no (constant) -components: complement system, receptors for bacterial markers |
None
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Adaptive Immune Response
-always present? -response time -fixed or variable response? -# of specificities -change in response over time? -components |
-always present?: no (appears when innate immune response fails)
-response time: days to weeks -fixed or variable response?: variable -# of specificities: numerous, highly selective specificities -change in response over time?: yes (response improves over time) -components: B-cells (B-lymphocytes), T-cells |
None
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Fc region (def.)
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site on antibody where effector cells or proteins bind
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Fc receptor (def.)
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receptor on effector cells or proteins which binds to Fc region of an antibody
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opsonization (def.)
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enhanced phagocytosis by effector cell due to high affinity bridge being formed between antigen and effector cell via an antibody (opsonin)
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antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) [def.]
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extracellular cytotoxic reaction by effector cell due to bridge being formed between antigen (parasite, virally infected cell, tumor cell or transplanted cell) and effector cell via an antibody -without the antibody, the effector cell would not recognize the antigen
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complement system (def.) -result -example
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group of serum proteins that can recognize certain types of microorganisms directly or recognize and bind to antibodies and serve as opsonins -result: lysis of target cell -example: C3
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ways in which cells are defined (4)
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morphologically
- cell and nucleus size and shape histochemically - enzymes found within cells functionally - cell activity antigenically - recognized by monoclonal antibody (CD = cluster designation) |
None
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tissues are stained with
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H&E (hematoxillin - stains bases; eosin - stains acids)
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cells in suspension are stained with
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Wright's stain
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esterase stains
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macrophages
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peroxidase stains (2)
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macrophages neutrophils
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CD3 reacts with
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mature T-cells
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CD4 reacts with
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helper T-cells
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CD8 reacts with
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cytotoxic T-cells
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neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN's, poly's)
able to divide? time in circulation? enter tissue during ____ contain granules? capable of phagocytosis? |
able to divide?: no
time in circulation?: 12 hours enter tissue during inflammation (complete life cycle within tissue) contain granules?: yes (primary and secondary granules) capable of phagocytosis?: yes |
None
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major classes of granules (2)
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primary (azurophilic) granules
secondary (specific) granules |
None
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granules contain (2)
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bactericidal enzymes
hydrolytic enzymes |
None
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Eosinophils
-halflife -survive in tissue for ____ days -contain lysozyme? -capable of phagocytosis? |
-halflife: 30 minutes
-survive in tissue for 12 days -contain lysozyme? no (contain MBP) -capable of phagocytosis?: yes |
None
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function of major basic protein (MBP)
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clearance of parasitic worms
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Monocytes come from _____ and are renamed _____ when they enter tissues
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bone marrow
macrophages |
None
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T/F macrophages may exist in tissue without any inflammation
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true (known as the resting state)
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T/F macrophages in the resting state are more effective effectors than those which change upon entering tissue
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false (resting state macrophages are not effective effectors)
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macrophages found in the liver are known as
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Kupffer cells
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macrophages found in the skin are known as
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histiocytes
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macrophages found in the connective tissue are known as
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histiocytes
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macrophages found in the brain are known as
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microglial cells
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macrophages found in the bone are known as
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osteoclasts
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macrophages found in the joints are known as
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synovial type A cells
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macrophages found in the lungs are known as
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alveolar macrophages
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intracellularly, macrophages kill (3)
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bacteria
yeast small parasites |
None
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extraceullulary, macrophages kill (3)
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virally infected cells
large parasites tumor cells (activated macrophages kill tumor cells, but do not kill normal cells) |
None
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dendritic cells activate
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T-cells (dendritic cells are APC's)
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mast cells release granules containing
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histamine
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types of lymphocytes (3)
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B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
T-lymphocytes (T-cells) natural killer cells (NK cells) - large, granular lymphocytes |
None
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B-lymphocytes (B-cells) produce
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antibodies (immunoglobulins)
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cytotoxic T-cells have _____ cell surface marker
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CD8
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cytotoxic T-cells target (4)
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virally infected cells
tumor cells parasitically (protozoa) infected cells transplanted cells |
None
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NK cells kill (2)
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virally infected cells
tumor cells |
None
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Proportion of: neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes/macrophages eosinophils basophils
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neutrophils: 40-75% lymphocytes: 20-50% monocytes: 2-10% eosinophils: 1-6% basophils: <1%
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hematopoietic stem cells are located in the _____
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bone marrow
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hematopoietic stem cells divide into (3)
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common lymphoid progenitor cells
myeloid progenitor cells erythroid progenitor cells |
None
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common lymphoid progenitor cells divide into (3)
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B-cells
T-cells NK-cells |
None
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B-cells divide into
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plasma cells
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T-cells divide into
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effector T-cells
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myeloid progenitor cells divide into (4)
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils dendritic cells |
None
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erythroid progenitor cells divide into (2)
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erythroblasts
megakaryocytes |
None
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megakaryocytes divide into
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platelets
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erythroblasts divide into
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erythrocytes (rbc's)
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Question
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Answer
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Define innate immunity
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form of immunity that exist before exposure to pathogens; hard wired, rapid, and recognizes conserved patterns on pathogens
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4 major characteristics of innate immunity
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1. Limited repertoire of receptors
2. Ancient system 3. Intimately intertwined with the adaptive immune system 4.Invariant and constant |
None
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What is the major cellular response of innate immunity
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Inflammation or the Inflammatory response
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The 4 players that participate in the generation of inflammation
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Tissues, Early soluble mediators, cells, other soluble mediators
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What are the barriers to pathogen entry
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Physical (External skin and internal mucosa)
Chemical (Fatty acids, Mucus and saliva, Cationic antimicrobial peptides) |
None
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What are the early soluble inflammatory mediators
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Bradykinin, Histamine, Complement, Lipid mediators, Platelet activating factor
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What does bradykinin do
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Stimulates neutrophil migration,
macrophage release of cytokines; induces histamine release; activates complement; vasodilation, pain, edema |
None
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What does histamine do
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Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, pruritis
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What does complement do
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Vasodilation, edema, opsonization
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What do lipid mediators do
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Cell activation
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What does platelet activating factor do
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Neutrophil recruitment and activation
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What are the three major C' mediated pathways
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1. Alternative pathway (pathogen surface)
2. Lectin pathway (mannose-binding lectins bind to pathogen surface) 3. Classical (Antibody binds to pathogen antigen) |
None
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Where are two places C' receptors are found
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Neutrophils and macrophages. These facilitate uptake by phagocytosis
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What are the two major biologic functions of C'
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Opsonization and Chemotaxis
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Which host cells are involved in innate immunity
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Neutrophils, Tissue macrophages, mast cells, immature dendritic cells, NK cells, lymphocytes
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What is the role of neutrophils in innate immunity
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Most abundant phagocytes, first cells recruited, relatively short lived
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What is the role of tissue macrophages in innate immunity
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Mature form of monocytes, can undergo division at inflammatory sites, dominant effector cells of the second stage of the innate immmune response, set the stage for adaptive immunity
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Discuss Mast cells in innate immunity
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Located on surfaces (skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, connective tissues); preformed granules of cytokines and histamine; after activation secrete TNF-a, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8
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Which cells are usually first to interact with antigen in the skin and mucosa
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Immature dendritic cells
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What do NK cells express
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Inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC class 1. They are thus activated by target cells lacking MHC class 1
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What do macrophages and mast cells do upon phagocytosis of pathogens in the tissues?
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Synthesize and secrete a panel of soluble mediators that play a role in the local stimulation of the localized inflammatory response and also have systemic effects
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What are the major cytokines
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IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, Type 1 interferons
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What does IL-1b do
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Activates vascular endothelium, induces the acute phase
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What does Il-8 do
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Chemotactic cytokine
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What does TNF-a do
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Activates vascular endothelium, induces the acute phase response
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What does IL-6 do
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Activates lymphocytes and induces the acute phase response
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What does IL-12 do
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Activates NK cells leading to cytokine production, especially IFN-g
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What do Type 1 and a/B interferons do
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Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
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What three cytokines induce the acute phase response
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IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6
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What are acute phase proteins (ACP)
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Soluble plasma proteins secreted by hepatocytes in the liver in response to acute infection
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What two acute phase proteins enhance the fixation of C' at the pathogen surface
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C-Reactive protein (binds PC on bacteria)
Mannose-binding protein (MBP)(initiates lectin-binding C' pathway) |
None
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The process of leukocyte migration to sites of infection is initiated by
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Activated tissue macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection
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Activated macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection causes
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Increased vascular permeability, increases in adhesion molecule expression, secrection of cytokines and chemokines
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What is the multi-step model of leukocyte migration
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Rolling of leukocytes on the endothelium,
activation of leukocytes, stable adherence to the endothelium, transmigration |
None
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The process of leukocyte migration to sites of infection is stimulated by
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Cytokines, especially TNF-a
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What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
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Conserved molecules produced only by microbes and not by the host organism
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What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
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A set of germline encoded receptors that recognize PAMPS and thus are specific for non-self structures
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Name two common PRRs
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Toll-like Receptors and Seven transmembrane a-helical receptors
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Name 4 phagocytic receptors
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Mannose receptors,
Scavenger receptors, Fc receptors, Mac-1 (integrin) |
None
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What are two chemicals used to kill microbes
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Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and Nitric oxide (NO)
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How is NO created in macrophages
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The inducible Nitric oxide (iNOS) system
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