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92 Cards in this Set

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Question
Answer
Innate Immune Response: -always present?
-response time
-fixed or variable response?
-# of specificities
-change in response over time?
-components (2)
-always present?: yes
-response time: minutes to hours
-fixed or variable response?: fixed
-# of specificities: limited # of specificities
-change in response over time?: no (constant)
-components: complement system, receptors for bacterial markers
None
Adaptive Immune Response
-always present?
-response time
-fixed or variable response?
-# of specificities
-change in response over time?
-components
-always present?: no (appears when innate immune response fails)
-response time: days to weeks
-fixed or variable response?: variable
-# of specificities: numerous, highly selective specificities
-change in response over time?: yes (response improves over time)
-components: B-cells (B-lymphocytes), T-cells
None
Fc region (def.)
site on antibody where effector cells or proteins bind
Fc receptor (def.)
receptor on effector cells or proteins which binds to Fc region of an antibody
opsonization (def.)
enhanced phagocytosis by effector cell due to high affinity bridge being formed between antigen and effector cell via an antibody (opsonin)
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) [def.]
extracellular cytotoxic reaction by effector cell due to bridge being formed between antigen (parasite, virally infected cell, tumor cell or transplanted cell) and effector cell via an antibody -without the antibody, the effector cell would not recognize the antigen
complement system (def.) -result -example
group of serum proteins that can recognize certain types of microorganisms directly or recognize and bind to antibodies and serve as opsonins -result: lysis of target cell -example: C3
ways in which cells are defined (4)
morphologically
- cell and nucleus size and shape histochemically
- enzymes found within cells functionally
- cell activity antigenically
- recognized by monoclonal antibody (CD = cluster designation)
None
tissues are stained with
H&E (hematoxillin - stains bases; eosin - stains acids)
cells in suspension are stained with
Wright's stain
esterase stains
macrophages
peroxidase stains (2)
macrophages neutrophils
CD3 reacts with
mature T-cells
CD4 reacts with
helper T-cells
CD8 reacts with
cytotoxic T-cells
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN's, poly's)
able to divide?
time in circulation?
enter tissue during ____ contain granules?
capable of phagocytosis?
able to divide?: no
time in circulation?: 12 hours
enter tissue during inflammation (complete life cycle within tissue)
contain granules?: yes (primary and secondary granules)
capable of phagocytosis?: yes
None
major classes of granules (2)
primary (azurophilic) granules
secondary (specific) granules
None
granules contain (2)
bactericidal enzymes
hydrolytic enzymes
None
Eosinophils
-halflife
-survive in tissue for ____ days
-contain lysozyme?
-capable of phagocytosis?
-halflife: 30 minutes
-survive in tissue for 12 days
-contain lysozyme? no (contain MBP)
-capable of phagocytosis?: yes
None
function of major basic protein (MBP)
clearance of parasitic worms
Monocytes come from _____ and are renamed _____ when they enter tissues
bone marrow
macrophages
None
T/F macrophages may exist in tissue without any inflammation
true (known as the resting state)
T/F macrophages in the resting state are more effective effectors than those which change upon entering tissue
false (resting state macrophages are not effective effectors)
macrophages found in the liver are known as
Kupffer cells
macrophages found in the skin are known as
histiocytes
macrophages found in the connective tissue are known as
histiocytes
macrophages found in the brain are known as
microglial cells
macrophages found in the bone are known as
osteoclasts
macrophages found in the joints are known as
synovial type A cells
macrophages found in the lungs are known as
alveolar macrophages
intracellularly, macrophages kill (3)
bacteria
yeast
small parasites
None
extraceullulary, macrophages kill (3)
virally infected cells
large parasites
tumor cells (activated macrophages kill tumor cells, but do not kill normal cells)
None
dendritic cells activate
T-cells (dendritic cells are APC's)
mast cells release granules containing
histamine
types of lymphocytes (3)
B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
natural killer cells (NK cells)
- large, granular lymphocytes
None
B-lymphocytes (B-cells) produce
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
cytotoxic T-cells have _____ cell surface marker
CD8
cytotoxic T-cells target (4)
virally infected cells
tumor cells
parasitically (protozoa) infected cells
transplanted cells
None
NK cells kill (2)
virally infected cells
tumor cells
None
Proportion of: neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes/macrophages eosinophils basophils
neutrophils: 40-75% lymphocytes: 20-50% monocytes: 2-10% eosinophils: 1-6% basophils: <1%
hematopoietic stem cells are located in the _____
bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells divide into (3)
common lymphoid progenitor cells
myeloid progenitor cells
erythroid progenitor cells
None
common lymphoid progenitor cells divide into (3)
B-cells
T-cells
NK-cells
None
B-cells divide into
plasma cells
T-cells divide into
effector T-cells
myeloid progenitor cells divide into (4)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
dendritic cells
None
erythroid progenitor cells divide into (2)
erythroblasts
megakaryocytes
None
megakaryocytes divide into
platelets
erythroblasts divide into
erythrocytes (rbc's)
Question
Answer
Define innate immunity
form of immunity that exist before exposure to pathogens; hard wired, rapid, and recognizes conserved patterns on pathogens
4 major characteristics of innate immunity
1. Limited repertoire of receptors
2. Ancient system
3. Intimately intertwined with the adaptive immune system
4.Invariant and constant
None
What is the major cellular response of innate immunity
Inflammation or the Inflammatory response
The 4 players that participate in the generation of inflammation
Tissues, Early soluble mediators, cells, other soluble mediators
What are the barriers to pathogen entry
Physical (External skin and internal mucosa)
Chemical (Fatty acids, Mucus and saliva, Cationic antimicrobial peptides)
None
What are the early soluble inflammatory mediators
Bradykinin, Histamine, Complement, Lipid mediators, Platelet activating factor
What does bradykinin do
Stimulates neutrophil migration,
macrophage release of cytokines;
induces histamine release;
activates complement;
vasodilation, pain, edema
None
What does histamine do
Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, pruritis
What does complement do
Vasodilation, edema, opsonization
What do lipid mediators do
Cell activation
What does platelet activating factor do
Neutrophil recruitment and activation
What are the three major C' mediated pathways
1. Alternative pathway (pathogen surface)
2. Lectin pathway (mannose-binding lectins bind to pathogen surface)
3. Classical (Antibody binds to pathogen antigen)
None
Where are two places C' receptors are found
Neutrophils and macrophages. These facilitate uptake by phagocytosis
What are the two major biologic functions of C'
Opsonization and Chemotaxis
Which host cells are involved in innate immunity
Neutrophils, Tissue macrophages, mast cells, immature dendritic cells, NK cells, lymphocytes
What is the role of neutrophils in innate immunity
Most abundant phagocytes, first cells recruited, relatively short lived
What is the role of tissue macrophages in innate immunity
Mature form of monocytes, can undergo division at inflammatory sites, dominant effector cells of the second stage of the innate immmune response, set the stage for adaptive immunity
Discuss Mast cells in innate immunity
Located on surfaces (skin, GI tract, respiratory tract, connective tissues); preformed granules of cytokines and histamine; after activation secrete TNF-a, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8
Which cells are usually first to interact with antigen in the skin and mucosa
Immature dendritic cells
What do NK cells express
Inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC class 1. They are thus activated by target cells lacking MHC class 1
What do macrophages and mast cells do upon phagocytosis of pathogens in the tissues?
Synthesize and secrete a panel of soluble mediators that play a role in the local stimulation of the localized inflammatory response and also have systemic effects
What are the major cytokines
IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, Type 1 interferons
What does IL-1b do
Activates vascular endothelium, induces the acute phase
What does Il-8 do
Chemotactic cytokine
What does TNF-a do
Activates vascular endothelium, induces the acute phase response
What does IL-6 do
Activates lymphocytes and induces the acute phase response
What does IL-12 do
Activates NK cells leading to cytokine production, especially IFN-g
What do Type 1 and a/B interferons do
Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
What three cytokines induce the acute phase response
IL-1B, TNF-a, IL-6
What are acute phase proteins (ACP)
Soluble plasma proteins secreted by hepatocytes in the liver in response to acute infection
What two acute phase proteins enhance the fixation of C' at the pathogen surface
C-Reactive protein (binds PC on bacteria)
Mannose-binding protein (MBP)(initiates lectin-binding C' pathway)
None
The process of leukocyte migration to sites of infection is initiated by
Activated tissue macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection
Activated macrophages and mast cells at the site of infection causes
Increased vascular permeability, increases in adhesion molecule expression, secrection of cytokines and chemokines
What is the multi-step model of leukocyte migration
Rolling of leukocytes on the endothelium,
activation of leukocytes,
stable adherence to the endothelium,
transmigration
None
The process of leukocyte migration to sites of infection is stimulated by
Cytokines, especially TNF-a
What are Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
Conserved molecules produced only by microbes and not by the host organism
What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)
A set of germline encoded receptors that recognize PAMPS and thus are specific for non-self structures
Name two common PRRs
Toll-like Receptors and Seven transmembrane a-helical receptors
Name 4 phagocytic receptors
Mannose receptors,
Scavenger receptors,
Fc receptors,
Mac-1 (integrin)
None
What are two chemicals used to kill microbes
Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and Nitric oxide (NO)
How is NO created in macrophages
The inducible Nitric oxide (iNOS) system