Microbiology_Exam1_02222009

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Kingdom of prokaryotic organisms,
Characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls; bacterium (singular) when referring to a single organism.

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Bacteria

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The microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease; also called normal flora

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NORMAL MICROBIOTA

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The principle that microorganisms cause disease.

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GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

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A parasitic roundworm or flatworm

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HELMINTH

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An antimicrobial agent usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus.

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ANTIBIOTIC

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A photosynthetic eukaryote; may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular but lack the tissues found in plants.

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ALGA (plural: algae)

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The study of genes and their function.

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GEROMICS

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An organism that belongs to the Kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic absorptive chemoheterotroph

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FUNGUS (plural: fungi)

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All living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells.

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CELL THEORY

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The theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells.

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BIOGENESIS

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The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.

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PASTEURIZATION

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Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro; also called recombinant DNA technology.

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GENETIC ENGINEERING

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Treating a disease by replacing abnormal genes.

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GENE THERAPY

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A chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemicals in a laboratory.

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SYSTHETIC DRUG

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Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains.

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ARCHAEA

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Treatment with chemical substances.

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CHEMOTHERAPY

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A cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope.

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PROKARYOTE

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The study of the interrelationships between organisms and with their environment.

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ECOLOGY

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The enzymatic degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule, ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation, and O2 is not required.

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FERMENTATION

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A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus

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EUKARYOTE

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The science dealing with DNA and protein synthesis of living organisms.

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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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The study of a host’s specific defenses to a pathogen.

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IMMUNOLOGY

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Criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases.

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KOCH’S POSTULATES

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The scientific study of viruses.

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VIROLOGY

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A disease-causing organism.

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PATHOGEN

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A DNA molecule produced by recombination.

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RECOMBINANT DNA

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The most specific level in the taxonomic hierarchy.

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SPECIES

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Laboratory techniques used to minimize contamination.

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ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES

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The scientific study of fungi.

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MYCOLOGY

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The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant.

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BIOREMEDIATION

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The first name of the scientific name (binomial); the taxon between family and species.

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GENUS (plural: genera)

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A disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and carry out at lease part of their life cycle in the host.

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

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A submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

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VIRUS

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A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye; includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae; also includes viruses.

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MICROORGANISM

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The idea that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter.

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SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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The body’s defense against particular pathogenic microorganisms; also called specific resistance.

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IMMUNITY

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The second or species name in a scientific binomial.

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SPECIFIC EPITHET

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A new or changing disease that is increasing or has the potential to increase in incidence in the near future.

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EMERGENCING INFECTIOUS DISEASE (EID)

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The industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

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The scientific study of parasites (protozoa and parasitic worms).

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PARASITOLOGY

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The scientific study of prokaryotes, including bacteria and archaea.

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BACTERIOLOGY

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Unicellular eukaryotic organisms; usually chemoheterotrophic.

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PROTOZOAN (plural: protozoa)

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A lens system located below the microscope stage that directs light rays through the specimen.

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CONDENSER

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A solution used in the process of removing a stain.

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DECOLORIZING AGENT

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The magnification of a microscopic specimen, determined by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

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TOTAL MAGNIFICATION

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A differential stain used to identify bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol.

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ACID-FAST STAIN

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A substance added to a staining solution to make it stain more intensely.

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MORDANT

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A thin film of material containing microorganisms, spread over the surface of a slide.

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SMEAR

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A light microscope that uses fluorescent stains and laser to make two- and three- dimensional images.

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CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY

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In a compound light microscope, the lens closest to the viewer; also called the eyepiece.

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OCULAR LENS

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A salt in which the color is in the positive ion; used for bacterial stains.

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BASIC DYE

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Ina compound light microscope, the lenses closest to the specimen.

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OBJECTIVE LENSES

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The degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism.

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VIRULENCE

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Microscopic technique used to obtain images of molecular shapes, to characterize chemical properties, and to determine temperature variations within a specimen.

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SCANNED PROBE MICROSCOPY

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Colorizing a sample with a dye to view through a microscope or to visualize specific structures.

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STAINING

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A protein produced by the body in response to an antigen, and capable of combining specifically with that antigen.

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ANTIBODY

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Bacteria that retain the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; they stain dark purple.

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GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA

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A salt in which the color is in the negative ion; used for negative staining.

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ACIDIC DYE

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A differential stain that classifies bacteria into two groups, gram-positive and gram-negative.

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GRAM STAIN

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A unit of measurement equal to 1026 m.

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MICROMETER (mm)

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(1) In slide preparation, the process of attaching a specimen to a slide. (2) Regarding chemical elements, combining elements so that a critical element can enter the food chain.

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FIXING

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The relative velocity with which light passes through a substance.

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REFRACTIVE INDEX

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A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellin in prokaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two microtubules in euksryotic cells.

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FLAGELLUM (PLURAL: FLAGELLA)

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A compound light microscope that allows examination of structures inside cells through the use of a special condenser.

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PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

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The cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, a peptidoglycan layer surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.

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GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALL

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The ability of a substance to give off light of one color when exposed to light of another color.

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FLUORESCENCE

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The cell wall of most gram-positive bacteria, consisting of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids.

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GRAM-POSITIVE CELL WALL

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A resting structure formed inside some bacteria.

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ENDOSPORE

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An electron microscope that provides three- dimensional views of the specimen magnified 1000 – 10,000 X.

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SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

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A method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye

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SIMPLE STAIN

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An instrument that provides a three – dimensional, magnified image.

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DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST (DIC) MICROSCOPE

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A microscope that uses an ultraviolet light source to illuminate specimens that will fluoresce.

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FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE

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The ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument; also called resolving power.

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RESOLUTION

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A microscope that uses electrons instead of light to produce an image.

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ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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A microscope that has a device to scatter light from the illuminator so that the specimen appears white against a black background.

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DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE

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A microscope that uses visible light for illumination; the specimens are viewed against a white background.

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BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPE

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An electron microscope that provides high magnifications (10,000 – 100,000 X) of thin sections of a specimen.

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TRASMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

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A second stain applied to a smear, provides contrast to the primary stain.

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COUNTERSTAIN

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A procedure that results in colorless bacteria against a stained background.

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NEGATIVE STAINING

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An instrument with two sets of lenses that uses visible light as the source of illumination.

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COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE (LM)

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An outer, viscous covering on some bacteria composed of a polysaccharide or polypeptide.

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CAPSULE

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A diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorochromes and viewed through a fluorescence microscope; also called immunofluorescence,

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FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY (FA) TECHNIQUE

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A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure.

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DIFFERENTIAL STAIN

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A unit of measurement equal to 1029 m, 1023mm.

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NANOMETER (nm)

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Bacteria that lose the crystal violet color after decolorizing by alcohol; they stain red after treatment with safranin.

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GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

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Life in Earth will not be possible with out XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX. They are special.
They provide with food, oxygen, and recycle organic swats, contribute to the reproduction of plants.

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micro organisms

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It is the ultimo ancestor of all life forms. All life forms come from bacteria.

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BACTERIA

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the study of the bacteria

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Bacteriology

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Study the microscopy life forms. Some of these life forms are visible to the naked eyes. An example: Worms.
Some stages of their life cycle are microscopy. (Eggs)

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MICROBIOLOGY

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They are inside cell walls largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein call

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PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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MICROORGANISMS NOMENCLATURE

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GENUS: (plural: genera) is the first name and is always capitalized.

SPECIFIC EPITHET: (species name) follows and not capitalized.

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Shapes of Bacteria cells

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•Bacillus (rodlike)
•Coccus (spherical or ovoid)
•Spiral (corkscrew or curved)

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When and who sow the first microorganism.

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1735 by Carolus Linnacus.

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Bacteria swim by using moving appendages called ...

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FLAGELLA.

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TYPES OF MICRORGANISMS

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1.Bacteria
2.Archaea
3.Fungi
4.Protozoa
5.Algae
6.Viruses
7.Multicellular Animal Parasites

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BACTERIA

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Bacteriology is the study of the bacteria
Single-celled (unicellular)
Are called PROKARYOTES = prenucleus.
Bacteria cells generally appear in one of several shapes:
•Bacillus (rodlike)
•Coccus (spherical or ovoid)
•Spiral (corkscrew or curved)

They are inside cell walls largely composed of a carbohydrate and protein call PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Reproduction: Divide in 2 equal cells = BINARY FISSION.

NUTRITION: Organic chemicals from living or dead organisms.

Bacteria swim by using moving appendages called FLAGELLA.

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PROKARYOTIC cell with call walls. The walls lack PEPTIDOGLYCAN. Often found in extreme environments.

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ARCHAEA

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The study of the protozoa

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Protozoology

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Archaea Division or classification

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METHANOGENS from the waste product from respiration.
The extreme halophiles (halo=salt) (philic=loving)
Live in extremely salty environments.
The extreme thermophiles (therm=heat) live in hot sulfurous water.

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Protozoa moves by ....

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PSEUDOPODS, flagella o cilia.
Pseudopods=false feet. Extensions of their cytoplasm. (Amoebas)

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They are not known to cause disease in humans.

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ARCHAEA

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Protozoa

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Protozoology is the study of the protozoa.
Unicellular, EUKARYOTIC microbes.
Protozoa moves by PSEUDOPODS, flagella o cilia.
Pseudopods=false feet. Extensions of their cytoplasm. (Amoebas)
They can life as free entities or as parasites.
They can reproduce sexually or asexually.

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The study of the fungus (Fungi)

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Mycology

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Study of the algae

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Phycology

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Are EUKARYOTES.
The cell contains DNA. Surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
They may be unicellular or multicellular.
They can reproduce sexually or asexually

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FUNGI (fungus)

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Photosynthetic eukaryotes with variety of shapes
Sexual and asexual reproduction.
Usually unicellular with cell walls composed of a carbohydrate called cellulose.
As photosynthesizers helps the plants and to clean de environment.

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Algae

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Very small that only can be seeing with an electron microscope.
They are acellular (not cellular)
Only contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Sometimes this coat is encased by an additional layer, a lipid membrane called an envelope.
Can carry out chemicals reactions and reproduce as self sufficient units but they can only reproduce using the cellular machinery of other organisms. They reproduce in the host cells = parasites of other forms of life. Outside the living host they are inert.

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Viruses

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were the first living cells to appear on Earth.

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Bacterial ancestors

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The study of MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES.

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Helminthology/Parasitology

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In 1665 he reported that living things were composed of little boxes of cells.
He started the theory of the cell theory

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ROBERT HOOKE

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The major groups of parasitic worms:

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Flatworms
Roundworms (helminthes)

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All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells.

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Cell Theory

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MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES

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Helminthology/Parasitology: The study of these animals.
They are not strictly microorganisms.
They have two major groups of parasitic worms:
Flatworms
Roundworms (helminthes)
We can use same techniques used for identification of microbes.

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1673 – 1723 created multiple microscopes. He described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
He described bacteria and protozoa.

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ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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CLASIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

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1.BACTERIA (cell walls contain peptidoglycan)

2.ARCHAEA (cell walls, lack peptidoglycan)

3.EUKARYA (which includes the following:

•PROTISTS (slime molds, protozoa, and algae)
•FUNGI (unicellular yeast, multicellular molds, and mushrooms)
PLANTS (include mosses, fens, conifers, and flowering plants)
•ANIMALS (including sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates)