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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who developed taxonomy
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Carl Linnaeus (Swedish biologist)
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what are the levels of taxonomy?
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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What kingdom are humans in?
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animal
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What phylum are humans in?
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Chordata
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What class are humans in?
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Mammalia
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What order are humans in?
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Omnivora
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What family are humans in?
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Primates
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What genus are humans in?
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Homo
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What species are humans?
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sapiens
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The study of microorganisms
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Microbiology
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Minute living body not perceptible to the naked eye
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microorganism
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Five major classes of microorganisms
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1. Bacteria
2. Fungi and algae 3. Protozoa 4. Rickettsiae 5. Viruses |
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Which major classes of microorganisms are classified as plants?
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Bacteria
Fungi and algae |
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Which major classes of microorganisms are classified as parasites?
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Protozoa
Rickettsiae Viruses |
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A widely distributed unicellular organism that may or may not cause disease
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Bacterium
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What are the three primary ways of classifying bacteria?
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1. shape
2. their arrangements 3. whether they require oxygen or not |
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When something requires oxygen its called?
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aerobic
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When something does not require oxygen its called?
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anaerobic
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A unicellular or multicellular organism that reproduces by means of spores and that may be pathogenic or nonpathogenic
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Protozoan
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Protozoan can live in the soil, ____, and insect bites
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water and can be found in almost any body of water
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Many protozoa are ____ to humans.
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pathogenic
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A multicellular organism that in its parasitic form can be pathogenic to humans.
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worm
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Worms are generally referred to as ___
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helminths
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A subcellular organism that reproduces as a parasite within other organisms and consequently is pathogenic
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virus and it reproduces inter-cellularly
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Viruses are smaller than ____. They consist of ___ and RNA with a protein shell; the protein shell has a distinct shape.
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smaller than bacteria and consist of DNA and RNA
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Rabies, ____ ____, measles influenza, cold sores, polio, and certain tumors are all the result of viruses.
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chicken pox
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A relationship between two organisms that have close contact with each other (fish and reef as in Finding Nemo)
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Symbiosis
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A relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to both (cow and cow birds)
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Mutualism
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A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed. (remora fish and sharks)
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Commensalism
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A relationship between two organisms in which the organisms present no significant benefit or harm to each other. (squirrels and songbirds living in the same tree)
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Neutralism and independence
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A relationship between two organisms in which one organism is harmed by the presence of the other
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parasitism
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One organism produces substances or causes conditions which are lethal for other organisms (produce a poison or toxin like an octopus)
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antibiosis
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Organism that normally live in and on the bodies of healthy persons without causing harm when located in specific sites
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resident flora
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Resident flora can be temporarily altered through the surgical scrub and protects body against ___ causing microorganism
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disease
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Organisms that take up residence in or on the body temporarily in a location where they are not normally found (a residual effect of chemotherapy or any other)
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transient flora
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Microscopic plant life such as bacteria which are adapted to residing in a given area of the body during health (generally harmless but could gain access to deeper organisms and cause infection such as staph in your nose)
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Normal flora
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Examples of normal flora include ___ flora, intestinal flora, vaginal flora
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skin flora
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Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostriddium are examples of (gram positive or gram negative)
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Gram Positive (has thick purple coating)
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Pseudomonas, Proteus, Salmonella, and Hemophilus are examples of (gram positive or gram negative)
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gram negative (has a thin red wall)
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Characteristics of ___ are unicellular, are simple organisms, ordinarily do not contain chlorophyll, have approximately 2000 known species and are found everywhere, and only about 100 species produce disease in human beings.
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bacteria
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disease-causing microorganisms
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Pathogen
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Bacteria are classified in two ways..
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pathogenic and nonpathogenic
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___ bacteria produces toxins which cause many diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, and whooping cough
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Pathogenic
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The ___ ___ cell wall gives a bacterium its shape.
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tough outer cell wall
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Cocci and ____ often colonize with each other so that another way of identifying bacteria is by the shape of their colonies.
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bacilli
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Bacteria reproduce by ___ ___, in which the chromosome duplicates itself and then the cells divides into two identical cells.
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binary fission
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Bacteria have no ____ and double their population every __-__ mins
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have no nucleus and every 15-20
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Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostriddium are examples of (gram positive or gram negative)
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Gram Positive (has thick purple coating)
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Pseudomonas, Proteus, Salmonella, and Hemophilus are examples of (gram positive or gram negative)
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gram negative (has a thin red wall)
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Characteristics of ___ are unicellular, are simple organisms, ordinarily do not contain chlorophyll, have approximately 2000 known species and are found everywhere, and only about 100 species produce disease in human beings.
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bacteria
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disease-causing microorganisms
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Pathogen
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Bacteria are classified in two ways..
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pathogenic and nonpathogenic
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Facultative anaerobic species can reproduce with or without ___
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oxygen (prefers to live without oxygen, but can live with oxygen)
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Method of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides into two parts
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binary fission
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having the capability to live under certain environmental circumstances and having the ability to adapt to more than one condition
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facultative
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What kind morphology are sphere or round shapes (round non-mobile and no flagella)
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coccus (pl- cocci)
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Diplococci appear in pairs and protected by ____ and cause pneumonia and gonorrhea
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capsules
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Streptococci cling together in ___ ___. they are found in the mouth and intestines; cause wound infection and sensitive to penicillin
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long chains
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Staphylococci- arrange themselves in ____ clusters. Anaerobic or aerobic and make up part of normal flora in the body
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grape-like
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Rod or cylinder shapes of bacteria are called
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bacillus (pl- bacilli)
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Diplobacilli (appear how)
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appear in pairs
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Streptobacilli (appear how)
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appear in chains
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Bacillus can be anaerobic or aerobic and can produce spores for ___ and gas gaingrene
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tetanus
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Examples for bacillus bacteria being gram + is and gram - is?
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gram + is diphtheria
gram - is E-coli |
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Spiral or curved forms of bacteria: 1) vibrio- short, slightly bent, comma-shapped rod 2) Spirillum (pl- spirilla) are longer, ridged, curved organism, usually with several spirals and several flagella 3) Spirochete are longer, flexible, and motile spiral organism
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KEEP ON KEEPIN ON ----->
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Spores are the hardest to ____
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kill
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when environmental conditions do not support a microbe the bacteria form an ____ to survive
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endospore
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____ are round structures of condensed protoplasm that are formed with the bacteria.
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Spores
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There are approximately 150 species of bacilli (not all species) and each bacillus forms one ____.
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spore
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Spores are inactive, dormant forms; not ____ forms
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reproductive
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Spores resist drying, ____, and most chemical disinfectants.
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boiling
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Spore cells genetic materials is enclosed in coast of ____ that are resistant to adverse conditions
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protein
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The only way to guarantee sterility is by a ____ indicator.
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biological indicator
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Spores have capsules that are layers that surround many ___ cells. (layers is what protects it)
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bacterial
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Spores ____ virulence of bacteria; virulence is the power of pathogens to cause disease.
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increase
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The ____ enables bacteria to attach to tissues such as the teeth and its not flushed away by mechanical means.
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capsule
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The capsule of bacteria interfere with ___ by white blood cells
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phagocytosis = cell eating
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The capsule is considered to be a portion of the cell envelope which includes the cell ____ and cell wall
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membrane
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____ are hair-like processes that cause the bacteria to move along by their wavelike rhythmic contractions (made out of protein)
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Flagella
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Cocci are not ____
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motile ----- spirochetes are motile by rotating in a corkscrew fashion, not by use of a flagellum
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____ are gram neg rods; increase virulence of bacteria; are contained in the bacterial cell walls; are liberated only when the bacterial cell dies and disintegrates (means they are released)
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Endotoxins
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Examples of ___ are organisms causing typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery; septicemia is wound gone bad
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Endotoxins
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___ often are named by organs they affect; they are gram + rods
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Exotoxins
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Examples of ____ are organisms causing tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, and scarlet fever
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Exotoxins
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Bacteria is __-__% water.
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75-85%
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Bacteria grows best in moisture areas and ___ may kill some bacteria.
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drying
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____ bacteria use carbon dioxide and other inorganic compounds for food and are nonpathogenic (food)
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Autotrophic
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____ bacteria require living or dead organic matter for food and are pathogenic. (food)
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Heterotrophic
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Parasites utilize ____ organic matter for food.
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living
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Saprophytes utilize ____ organic matter for food
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dead
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____ bacteria require oxygen less than that in the atmosphere (needs about 5% oxygen)
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Microaerophilic
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"obligate" means that it ___ have oxygen
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MUST
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____ heat destroys most bacteria
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High
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Sterilizer 270 degrees at 17lbs of pressure for __ mins to destroy bacteria
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10
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____ does not always destroy bacteria, but does reduce growth and metabolic activities.
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Freezing
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Most bacteria grow best at normal ____ temperature.
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normal body temp
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Most bacteria grow best close to the ___ point on the pH scale or slightly on the ____ side.
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neutral point (7) and alkaline (8-14)
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Both ___ and alkalis are harmful to bacteria
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acids
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Most bacteria are killed by direct ____.
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sunlight
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____ formation is stimulated by sunlight (because the bacterium is stressed)
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SPORE
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Certain strains of Staphylococci cause ___ ____
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food poisoning
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Staphylococcus aureua causes most ___-___ wound infections
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post-op
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause ____
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gonorrhea
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Neisseria meningitis cause bacterial _____
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meningitis (meningococcal)
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Salmonella typhi causes ___ ___
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typhoid fever
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Shigella dysenteriae
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bacterial (bacillary) dysentery
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Escherichia coli (4)
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causes gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, and epidemic diarrhea in newborn nurseries
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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diphtheria
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Bordetella pertussis
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whooping cough (pertussis)
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Clostridium tetani (anaerobic)
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tetanus (lockjaw)
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Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic)
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gas gangrene
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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tuberculosis
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Clostridium botulinum (anaerobic)
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botulism
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause severe wound infections, UTI, osteomyelitis, meningitis, septicemia when resistance of host is especially____, such as in burn patients
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low
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____ does not always destroy bacteria, but does reduce growth and metabolic activities.
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Freezing
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Most bacteria grow best at normal ____ temperature.
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normal body temp
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Most bacteria grow best close to the ___ point on the pH scale or slightly on the ____ side.
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neutral point (7) and alkaline (8-14)
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Both ___ and alkalis are harmful to bacteria
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acids
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Most bacteria are killed by direct ____.
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sunlight
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____ formation is stimulated by sunlight (because the bacterium is stressed)
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SPORE
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Certain strains of Staphylococci cause ___ ____
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food poisoning
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Staphylococcus aureua causes most ___-___ wound infections
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post-op
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause ____
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gonorrhea
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Neisseria meningitis cause bacterial _____
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meningitis (meningococcal)
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Salmonella typhi causes ___ ___
(Bacilli) |
typhoid fever
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Shigella dysenteriae
(Bacilli) |
bacterial (bacillary) dysentery
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Escherichia coli (4)
(Bacilli) |
causes gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, and epidemic diarrhea in newborn nurseries
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
(Bacilli) |
diphtheria
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Bordetella pertussis
(Bacilli) |
whooping cough (pertussis)
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Clostridium tetani (anaerobic) (Bacilli)
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tetanus (lockjaw)
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Clostridium perfringens (anaerobic) (Bacilli)
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gas gangrene
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Bacilli) |
tuberculosis
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Clostridium botulinum (anaerobic)
(Bacilli) |
botulism
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause severe wound infections, UTI, osteomyelitis, meningitis, septicemia when resistance of host is especially____, such as in burn patients
(Bacilli) |
low
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Spirochete-Treponema pallidum- (Spiral-shaped) causes??
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syphilis
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Vibrio -Vibrio cholerae- (spiral-shaped) causes??
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cholera
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Alga has___ in its cells and can produce its own nourishment in the presence of light.
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chlorophyll
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Fungi do not have chlorophyll and must extract their nutrition from an ____ source, such as decaying organic matter or a live hose.
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external
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Many types of fungi are ___ of infecting humans. Infections with algae are extremely rare with fewer than 100 cases reported in humans.
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capable
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Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular, some fungi are normally found in or on the ___.
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body
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Fungi infections may result from the use of antibiotics or reduced resistance due to injuries and diseases. They reproduce ____ by budding or spore formation
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asexually
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Most fungi infections are superficial but can spread to the inside of the body through ____.
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spores
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Fungi lack chlorophyll; cannot do photosynthesis and produces own food; contain over 100,000 species
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NOTE ------->>>>>>
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Fungi include yeasts (unicellular) and molds (____)
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mulitcellular
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Some fungi are a common sight on stale ___, rotten fruit, or damp leather
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bread
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Algae may be unicellular or multicellular; contain chlorophyll and are not ____
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pathogenic
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____ generally occurs as a result of a break in the skin or a trauma, including surgery, and is generally limited to the skin or bursa
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Infestation
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The presence of parasites in the environment, on the skin, or in the hair of the host
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infestation
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The most-common symptom is __ __ that resemble many other conditions so that the diagnosis must be confirmed through laboratory analysis.
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skin lesions
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