Microbiology - Virology & Mycology

Front 1

What are viruses?

Back 1

Viruses are Strict Intracellular Parasites that:
- Replicate only within a host cell
- Cannot synthesize their own ATP
- Multiply by entering host cell, uses the host’s machinery to synthesize their own components.
.

Front 2

What are the 5 characteristics of a virus?

Back 2

1. Smallest of infectious agents
20-300 nm in diameter

2. Not seen with light microscope
Most important – Single type of nucleic acid

3. Virion= complete viral particle.
DNA or RNA, not both.

4. Protein coat = Lipoprotein envelope.

5. “Naked virus” No envelope

Front 3

Can you recall the parts of the structure of a virus?

Back 3

1. Nucleoprotein: Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)

2. Capsid= complete shell
Capsid also called “protein coat”

3. 2 typical shapes: icosahedral or helical

Front 4

Can you recall the structure of the Icosahedral Adenovirus?

Back 4

Adenovirus

Front 5

Do you remember the structure of the Icosahedral Herpes virus?

Back 5

Herpes virus

Front 6

Name a helical virus that contains a lipidmembrane and glycoprotein.

Back 6

Ebola Virus

Front 7

Name a helical virus that has a Tabacco Mosaic.

Back 7

Rabies virus

Front 8

Can you recall what the Virus infectious cycle looks like?

Back 8

Front 9

Name the 6 stages of the Virus infectious cycle.

Back 9

1. Attachment
2. Absorption/ Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Synthesis
5. Assembly
Release

Front 10

How are virus transmitted?

Back 10

Transmitted person to person

Front 11

When does viral disease dissipate?

Back 11

Viral Disease dissipates after immune response.

Front 12

Name a condition due to viral infections that causes a marked increase in lymphocytes?

Back 12

Lymphocytosis

Front 13

What are the steps of replication in viral DNA?

Back 13

1. In the Nucleus
2. Usually icosahedral symmetry
3. Usually double stranded DNA

Front 14

How do viruses replicate in RNA?

Back 14

1. in the Cytoplasm
(Exception Retroviruses in nucleus)

2. Usually helical symmetry

3.Usually single strand RNA

4. Enveloped

Front 15

Name 3 Viral infection sites.

Back 15

1. Respiratory

2. Enteric

3. Urinary Tract

Front 16

The following organisms are suspected in what type of infections? (slide # 12 in viruses handout)

Adenovirus, flu, Paraflu,RSV, Rhinovirus

Back 16

Respiratory

Front 17

The following organisms are suspected in what type of infections?

Rotavirus, Enterovirus, Enteric (40,41), Aseptic meningitis, Adenovirus

Back 17

Enteric

Front 18

The following organisms are suspected in what type of infections?

CMV, Mumps, Rubella, Measles, Adenovirus

Back 18

Urinary Tract

Front 19

Name 3 other viral infection sites.

Back 19

1. Skin, Mucous Membrane, Lesions

2. Sterile Fluids

3. Blood

Front 20

Name the infection site associated with the following organisms.

Enterovirus, HSV, VZV, CMV

Back 20

Skin, mucous membranes and lesions.

Front 21

Name the infection site associated with the following organisms.

Enterovirus, HSV, flu, CMV

Back 21

Sterile fluids

Front 22

Name the infection site associated with the following organisms.

CMV, HSV, VZV, Enterovirus, Adenovirus

Back 22

Blood

Front 23

Name 5 methods of viral detection.

Back 23

1. Culture:
- conventional tube cultures
- shell vials
2. Rapid Direct Antigen Immunofluorescence
3. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia
4. Serology
5. Nucleic Acid Sequencing- PCR

Front 24

Define Cytopathic effects or (CPE).

Back 24

Characteristic changes to cell morphology caused by the viral particle releasing the host cell.

Front 25

How are cytopathic effects detected?

Back 25

Simply, what is seen in the tissue cells under light microscope

Front 26

What is required for detection of Cytopathic effects?

Back 26

Depends on virus and cell line inoculated, specimen source, and rate of growth

Front 27

What does rounding, syncytia or none mean in identifying cytopathic effects?

Back 27

Rounding = ?

Syncytia = when cells fuse together to make one large cell.

None = no changes to the cells due to the virus.

Front 28

What is Confirmation? (slide # 16 in the handout)

Back 28

Confirmation: fix a scraping from culture tube on a slide, stain with a monoclonal Ab (IFA).

Front 29

What type of stain is this and what type of virus?

Back 29

Immunoflouresce Parainfluenzae

Front 30

What type of staining is this and what is the name of the organism?

Back 30

CMV

Front 31

What type of staining is this and what is the name of the organism?

Back 31

VZV

Front 32

What type of staining is this and what is the name of the organism?

Back 32

immunoflouresence and HSV

Front 33

Name 3 DNA viruses.

Back 33

1. Adenoviridae
2. Herpesviridae
- HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV
3. Papovaviridae
- Papillomavirus

Front 34

Name 3 characteristics of the Adenoviridae virus.

Back 34

1. - double stranded DNA
2. - lacks envelope
3. - 60-90 nm, icosahedral symmetry

Front 35

What is the pathogenesis/clinical findings of Adenoviridae?

Back 35

- Infect the eye, respiratory, GI, & urinary tracts

- Predominantly in winter

- Transmission- close physical contact.

Front 36

What diseases are caused by Adenoviridae? (slide # 20)

Back 36

Diseases:
conjunctivitis, upper/lower respiratory infections and gastroenteritis

Front 37

How can Adenoviridae be recovered?

Back 37

May be recovered from stool, body fluids, rectal and conjunctival swabs.

Front 38

Which virus has the ability to establish lifelong persistent infections.
- undergo periodic reactivation.

Back 38

Herpesviridae or Herpes Virus

Front 39

HSV 1 & 2, VZV, CMV, EBV are all different types of which virus?

Back 39

Herpes viruses- 120-200 nm in diameter, icosahedral, enveloped and double stranded DNA. (slide # 21)

Front 40

non-genital route

Back 40

HSV 1

Front 41

Transmitted sexually
Mother infects newborn during birth

Back 41

HSV 2

Front 42

Both infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections. Most frequently isolated virus in lab.

Back 42

HSV 1 & 2

Front 43

chicken pox is caused by...?

Back 43

Varicella Zoster virus

Front 44

Shingles is caused by....?

Back 44

Herpes Zoster

Front 45

What is this disease called?

Back 45

Chicken pox or Varicella Zoster Virus

Front 46

What is this disease called?

Back 46

Shingles or Herpes Zoster

Front 47

These two viruses may be confused with HSV- both recovered from skin lesions.

Back 47

1. Varicella Zoster virus: chicken pox
2. Herpes Zoster: shingles
(slide # 23)

Front 48

This Virus:
1. Replicates in respiratory tract, salivary glands, and kidneys.

2. life-threatening infections in immunocompromised.

3. Widespread in humans and animals by close contact with a carrier.

4. Can be spread through the placenta, blood transfusions, organ transplantation, and breast milk.

Back 48

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Front 49

This virus:
1.Causes acute infectious mononucleosis

2. Contributes to Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

3. Extremely difficult to isolate

4. Diagnosed by serological IgM and IgG tests

Back 49

Ebstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Front 50

This virus:

1. 45-55 nm, icosahedral symmetry, no envelope, double stranded

2. All papovaviruses may be considered DNA tumor producing viruses

3. Causes human warts and certain serotypes of cervical cancer

Back 50

Papovaviridae (HPV)

Front 51

1. Picornavirus: Enterovirus, Rhinovirus & Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A)

2. Orthomyxoviridae: Influenza A & B

3. Paramyxoviridae: Parainfluenza, RSV, Mumps, Measles

4. Retroviridae: HIV 1 & 2
Hantavirus

Back 51

RNA viruses

Front 52

27 nm, icosahedral, single stranded
Lack envelope
5 genera: 3 discussed: Enterovirus, Rhinovirus, and Hepatovirus
Enterovirus: poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echoviruses, entero viruses 68,70,71

Back 52

Picornaviruses

Front 53

Polioviruses 1-3:

1. Enter through mouth, replicate in oral pharynx or small intestine.

2. Isolated from stool.

Exposure to one of four:
1. Asymptomatic infection
2. Mild illness
3. Aseptic meningitis
4. Paralytic polio

Back 53

Pathogenesis/Clinical Findings: Enterovirus.

(Iron Lung= Enterovirus)

Front 54

1. Divided into group A & B
2. Recovered from blood in early stages as well as throat; for up to 6 weeks

Group A: herpangina; hand, foot, and mouth disease & acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Group B: Myocarditis, pericarditis, and meningoencephalitis

Back 54

Coxsackie viruses

Front 55

Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan viruses
Cause transitory enteric infections
Recovered from humans only (monkey cell culture)
Cause aseptic meningitis, febrile illnesses with/without rashes, common cold

Back 55

Echoviruse

Front 56

Isolated from nose, throat, and rarely, feces
Cause URI- including common cold

Back 56

Rhinovirus

Front 57

80-120 nm, possess helical symmetry, single-stranded segmented genome, has an envelope
Influenza viruses: responsible for respiratory disease-not stomach flu

Back 57

Orthomyxoviridae

Front 58

1889 H2N2 strain
1901 H3N8 strain
1918 H1N1 strain
“Spanish Flu” high morbidity and morality
1947 H1N1 strain
1957 H2N2 strain
“Asian flu” high morbidity low mortality

Back 58

Influenza viruses Global Pandemics

Front 59

1968 H3N2 strain
“Hong Kong flu” high morbidity low mortality
1977 H1N1 strain
1997 H5N1 strain
right now an avian influenza pandemic
Experts fear a human pandemic
2009 H1N1 strain

Back 59

Influenza viruses Global Pandemics

Front 60

epidemic respiratory infections that occur during low temperatures and humidity in winter

Back 60

Influenza A & B: (slide # 36)

Front 61

chills, headache, dry cough followed by fever, muscle aches, malaise, and anorexia

Back 61

Symptoms of Influenzae A & B

Front 62

Periodically undergoes minor and major changes in its outer glycoprotein hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Back 62

Influenzae viruses

Front 63

antigenic drift that results in intermittent pandemics

Back 63

Influenzae: Minor mutations.

Front 64

antigenic shift that results in yearly epidemics

Back 64

Influenzae: Major Mutations

Front 65

Composed of Parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3, mumps, measles, and respiratory syncytial virus
150-300 nm, single-stranded RNA, helical symmetry, and an envelope

Back 65

Paramyxoviridae

(slide # 38)

Front 66

Cause severe respiratory infection
Transmission- direct contact, aerosol droplets or fomites
Primary infection most severe
Pathogenesis similar to influenza

Back 66

Parainfluenza

Front 67

1. Circulates in fall and winter

2. Causes severe lower respiratory infections in young children.

3. Spread from secretions by close contact

4. Enters nasal or conjunctival route

Back 67

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Front 68

Parotitis, may involve other organs
Transmission similar to parainfluenza
Vaccine is available

Back 68

Mumps

Front 69

1. Spread by aerosol route

2. Epidemics occur in late winter & spring in temperate climates

3. Systemic infection characterized by rash

4. Vaccine is available

Back 69

Measles

Front 70

contain reverse transcriptase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
HIV-1 & HIV-2
100 nm, icosahedral symmetry and an envelope

Back 70

Retroviridae

Front 71

1. Causes hemorrhagic fever and pulmonary syndrome

2. Genus of the family Bunyaviridae

Back 71

Hantavirus

Front 72

1. 27-32 nm, single-stranded, spherical
=symmetry & no envelope

2. Produces sporadic, epidemic infectious
= hepatitis

3. Transmitted by contaminated food/water:
= fecal-oral route

Back 72

Hepatitis A: RNA

(slide # 44)

Front 73

1. Produces acute/chronic hepatitis
- Etiological agent in hepatocellular carcinoma.

2. - 42 nm, double-stranded DNA, and an envelope
- Envelope contains lipid and HBsAG- plays a role in serological identification.

3. Transmitted by parenteral, transfusion, sexual intercourse, and needles (acupuncture/tattoos)

Back 73

Hepatitis B: (DNA hepadnavirus)

Front 74

What are 4 Hepatitis B clinical findings?

Back 74

Jaundice, nausea, vomiting, fever

Front 75

What are 2 Hepatitis B laboratory findings?

Back 75

1. Serological tests used to diagnose

2. Recovery is generally unsuccessful

Front 76

1. Small pox

2. Does not cause chicken pox

3. DNA virus that reproduces in cytoplasm

Back 76

Poxviridae

Front 77

There are 5 differential characteristics between "smallpox" and "chickenpox."
What are they?

Back 77

1.Smallpox = Orthpoxviridae
Chickenpox = Herpesviridae

2.Smallpox = Synchronous lesions
Chickenpox = Asynchronous lesions

3. Smallpox = Deep lesions
Chickenpox = Superficial lesions

4. Smallpox = Centrifugal spread
Chickenpox = Centripetal spread

5. Smallpox = Prominent on face and palms
Chickenpox = Prominent in chest

Front 78

Rabies
Migrates over nerves
Fatal encephalitis

Back 78

Rhabdoviridae

Front 79

Arthropods – mosquito
Equine encephalitis
WEE- Western EE
EEE- Eastern EE
VEE- Venezuelan EE
Rubivirus
Rubella-" German measles””3-day measles” - human

Back 79

Arboviruses- RNA

(slide # 50)

Front 80

Mosquito
St. Louis Encephalitis
Yellow fever
Panama canal
Africa – 90% current
Dengue fever “Break bone fever”
West Nile virus
Came to USA 1999

Back 80

Flaviviridae

Front 81

Fever and encephalitis
California encephalitis
Rift Valley Fever
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
four corners -1993
Hanta virus - Asia
Hemorrhagic fever with renal failure

Back 81

Bunyaviridae

Front 82

Enterovirus
1. Poliovirus
March of Dimes
Salk – formalin-killed virus
Sabin – oral vaccine, attenuated virus

2. Coxsackie Virus
Respiratory, rashes

3. Echovirus
Aseptic meningitis

4. Rhinovirus
Common cold

Back 82

Picornaviridae

Front 83

What virus causes:
1. Common cold
2. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Back 83

Coronaviridae

Front 84

Name 2 RNA "cold" viruses.

Back 84

Rhinovirus
and
Coronaviridae

Front 85

Which viruses cause common colds?

Back 85

Rhinovirus and
Coronaviridae

(slide # 54)

Front 86

Name 3 RNA viruses that cause Diarrhea?

Back 86

1. Norwalk virus

2. Norovirus

3. Rotavirus

Front 87

Caused Diarrhea on cruise ships and in Superdome after hurricane Katrina.

Back 87

Norovirus

Front 88

Acute infectious diarrhea
Leading cause of infant mortality world wide

Back 88

Rotavirus

Front 89

What disease do the following viruses cause?

Filoviridae:
-Ebola virus
-Marburg virus
Arenaviridae:
-Lassa Fever virus

Back 89

Hemorrhagic fever