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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viruses are _____ __________ parasites (facultative/ aerobic/ obligate/ extracellular/ intracellular)
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obligate intracellular parasites
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Viruses can only replicate under what condition?
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Within a cell
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Viruses are multicellular unicellular or acellular?
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acellular
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Are viruses motile?
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No
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Can viruses grow/?
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No
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are viruses affected by antibiotics?
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no
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How are viruses cultured?
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Within living cells
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What kind of microscope is necessary for viewing viruses?
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electron microscope
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What is a virion
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one complete virus particle
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what is a virion composed of?
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Nucleic acid core, Capsid, and sometimes an envelope
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The nucleic acid core of a virion is made of
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DNA or RNA, never both. ss or ds
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The capsid of a virion is
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a protein coat; the antigenetic portion of the virus
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the envelope of a virion is
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a phospholipid membrane covering the capsid present on some but not all viruses
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If a virus attacks an epithelial cell, can it replace?
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yes
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If a virus attacks a neuron can it be replaced?
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No it is lost permanently
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When a virus causes the host cell to increase the rate of mitosis, what is caused?
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warts - mass of epithelial cells
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Which virus causes the host cell to decrease its rate of mitosis
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Rubella virus
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Viruses can change its host cell into an anaplastic cell, meaning..
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It is alive, growing, but functionless
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How are viruses controlled? (4 ways)
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Quarantine, Destroy resivoir, control vectors, vaccinate
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Rubeola is aka
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Big red measles
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MOT of Rubeola
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Aerosols
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IP of Rubeola
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7-10 days
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SN/SX of Rubeola
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URT Infection with flu-like sx;
Red blistering rash starting in face and spreading to trunk; KOPLIK spots |
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What are koplik spots?
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A symptom of Rubeola- on the oral mucosa, bright red spot with bluish-white dot in the center
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What is rubeola's effect on pregnancy?
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premature labor and or abortion
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How is rubeola tx?
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None, usually self-limiting
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How is rubeola prevented?
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Vaccine with attenuated virus
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The first rubeola vaccine contained a _____ virus, given at ____.
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Killed virus, 9 months
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The second rubeola vaccine contained a ______ virus, given at ____--
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Attenuated virus, 15 months
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What is an attenuated virus?
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"Disabled"
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About half of rubeola cases in a year occur in what state?
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TX
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Is rubeola eliminated?
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No, but it is controlled effectively
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Rubella is aka
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German Measles, 3 Day measles
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How is rubella transmitted?
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aerosols
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Is rubella or rubeola more severe?
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Rubeola
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What are the sx of rubella?
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Mild URT, skin rash in 20-50% of cases
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What are the effects of rubella on pregnancy?
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severe disease in embroy, slows mitosis of neurons
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Resivoir of rubella?
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Homo sapiens
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How is rubella prevented
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Vaccine (Live, attenuated virus)
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Rubella vaccination is recommended for
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children and women in reproductive years
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Small pox was the first disease to be
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eradicated
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There have been no cases of small pox since
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1977
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What factors made small pox easier to eradicate? (4)
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Host- only humans
Get over it or die, quickly No asymptomatic carriers Vaccines |
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The last naturally acquired case of smallpox was in who?
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Ali Maalin, a cook in Somalia
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What are the EA for influenza?
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Influenza viruses A, B & C
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Of influenza viruses A B and C, which is the most problematic?
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C
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What is antigenetic drift?
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slight variation in the capsule
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What is antigenetic shift?
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great variation in the capsule
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Antigenetic shift occurs _____ in influenza virus A (Annually, frequently, less frequently, never)
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Annually
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Antigenetic shift occurs _____ in influenza virus B (Annually, frequently, less frequently, never)
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Less frequently
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Antigenetic shift occurs _____ in influenza virus C (Annually, frequently, less frequently, never)
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Never
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Epidemics and pandemics of influenza occur because of
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antigenetic variations
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Epidemics and pandemics of influenza occur about every ___ years
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10-14
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Influenza sx upon onset
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Chills, fever, HA, malaise, myalgia
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Why is myalgia a symptom of influenza?
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the infected epithelial cells die when attacked by t-cells
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Complications of the flu can include: (3)
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pneumonia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and Reyes syndrome
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Pneumonia secondary to the flu can be caused by (3)
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Staph aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
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What is Gullian-Barre syndrome?
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"French polio," complication from swine flu shots in 1976, may occur secondary to other viral vaccines
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Reyes Syndrome
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complication of viral diseases causing CNS problems in kids <14y.o. Liver damage + death
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How does amantadine work to treat the flu?
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Reduce sx and duration of type A, must be taken all throughout flu season to prevent
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How does Tamiflu treat the flu?
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Blocks the action of neuraminidase, works on A & B
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How is influenza prevented?
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A trivalent vaccine - 2A 1B
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The virus used in the influenza vaccine is grown on
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chicken embryos
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What is the recommended month to get a flu shot?
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November
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Who should get vaccinated for influenza?
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Those at high risk, geriatric, pediatric
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How many different serotypes of rhinoviruses are there?
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at least 110
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30% of Rhinoviruses cause
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the common cold
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Coryza virus
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causes the common cold
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MOT of common cold
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hand to hand contact
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Vaccination of common cold ?
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No, there are too many serotypes
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Rabies is also known as
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hydrophobia
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MOT for rabies (3 ways)
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Direct contact of rabid animal's body fluids with broken skin/ mucous membrane, aerosols, tissue transplant
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only known cases of human-human rabies was due to a
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cornea transplant
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Reservoir of rabies
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carnivorous mammals
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The greatest threat of rabies to humans is
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pets- cats #1 cattle #2
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IP of rabies
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2-16 wks
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anxiety, irritability, depression, fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, sensitivity to light and sound, paralysis of throat muscles and destruction of CNS are all symptoms of
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Rabies
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why is rabies also called hydrophobia?
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Thought of swallowing, smell of water, or sight of water can set off spasm
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CFR Rabies
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100%
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DX of rabies
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FA tests on brain tissue, presence of negri bodies in neurons
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what are negri bodies?
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masses of viral particles
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How is rabies pvt in humans?
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five IM doses of Human diploid cell rabies + 1 equine anti-rabies serum
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Who should get vaccinated for rabies?
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vets, lab personnel, exposed persons
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Why are cats the #1 risk of obtaining rabies from a pet?
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Cats vaccinated less often than dogs
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Viral encephalitis is transmitted by
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a vector- female Culex sp.
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What is a Culex sp.?
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mosquito
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Horses, wild and domestic mammals and birds are all reservoirs for ____? (Birds asymptomatic carriers)
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Viral encephalitis
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CNS Degeneration, fever, GI distress, NV, HA, and neck stiffness are all symptoms of a mild case of
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Viral encephalitis
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What are SX of Viral encephalitis in severe cases?
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Paralysis, retardation, personality changes
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How is Viral encephalitis TX?
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None (symptoms)
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EEE, WEE, VEE, SLE, CE, and WNV are all forms of
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Viral encephalitis
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EEE
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eastern equine encephalitis
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WEE
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western equine encephalitis
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VEE
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Venezuelan equine encephalitis
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VEE was an epidemic where? several tears ago?
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Harris co.
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California encephalitis occurs in
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humans only
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SLE
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St. Louis encephalitis, most common, humans only, occurs in 10 yr cycles
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What conditions would provide for an encephalitis epidemic?
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many susceptible hosts, oscillating reservoirs, hot wet conditions
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How is Viral encephalitis prevented?
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Vector control, avoid vector, monitor vector, remove vector breeding sites
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Immunity to Viral encephalitis?
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Permanent w. recovery
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WNV stands for
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west nile virus
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WNV is made of _ _ _NA
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ssRNA
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What type of encephalitis is related to SLE, dengue fever, yellow fever, and hepatitis C?
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WNV
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Where was the 1st case of WNV?
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West Nile, Uganda
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The first appearance of WNV in the western hemi. was when , where, and how?
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1999, NYC, Ugandan traveler
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RES of WNV?
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Birds (mostly crows)
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What is a major difference between WNV and other forms of viral encephalitis?
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Birds die (they are NOT asymptomatic)
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What are SX of WNV?
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asymptomatic to mild febrile illness
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HSV-1 causes
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cold sores, fever blisters
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HSV-1 blisters are usually located
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where mucous mem. joins skin
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HSV-1 blisters last how long?
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appx. 7 days
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HSV-1 retreats to which cranial nerve?
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trigeminal (CN V)
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HSV-1 can be reactivated by
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stress (emotional, trauma, sun)
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Herpetic Keratoconjunctivitis is caused by
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HSV-1
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Herpatic Keratoconjunctivitis is a major cause of _______ in the U.S.
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blindness
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HSV-2 is aka
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Genital Herpes
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How is HSV-2 transmitted?
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sexually
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SN SX of genital herpes
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highly infective genital blisters that heal spontaneously, several flare ups per year.
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How is Herpatic keratoconjunctivitis treated?
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Acyclovir and Vidarabine
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HSV-2 retreats to _____ and you have it for life
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sacral spinal plexus
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Reservoir for HSV-2
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Homo sapiens
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PVT of genital herpes?
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Be good
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How are the sx of genital herpes TX?
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acyclovir (not a cure)
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Babies with neonatal herpes must be delivered by
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C-section
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5-7 % of cases of viral meningitis is caused by
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HSV-2
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Varicella zoster aka
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Chicken pox
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MOT for Varicella-zoster
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Direct contact
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Varicella usually occurs in what age group?
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children
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adult chicken pox sx
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viral pneumonia w/ death, vesicular rash, lesions with dry scabs (not infective)
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Shingles is caused by
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Herpes virus (varicella-zoster)
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How is shingles caused?
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Latent varicella-zoster migrates down nerve and causes lesions
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SX of shingles
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infective, painful, burning lesions / slow healing, may occur repeatedly
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How is shingles PVT?
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Zostavax (shingles vaccine)
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What is CMV?
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Cytomegalovirus
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What causes Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease?
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CMV
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SX of cytomegalovirus inclusion disease
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infected cells swell, may cause death if affecting lungs liver kidneys gut
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How is Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease treated?
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not
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Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease is common in people who have what condition
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AIDS
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies are typical in
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Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease
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Infectious mononucleosis EA
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Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
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Mono is most common in what age group?
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Late adolescence, college
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EBV is located in what bodily fluid?
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Saliva
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Cells affected by EBV have an altered appearance and are called
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Downey cells
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Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sore throat, HA, nausea, weakness, mild fever persisting for weeks is SX of
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infectious mononucleosis
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EBV Affects what cells after spreading through the lymphatics
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B-Cells
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Some evidence suggests that infectious mononucleosis is connected with what disease?
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MS
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