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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted?
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tick bite
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Clinically, how will a Rickettsia rickettsii infection look?
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Very high fever Rash starts on ankles and wrists and then spreads to trunk palms soles and face
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What type of rash is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Known as?
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centripetal rash
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What is the treatment for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
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Doxycycline
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How do you diagnose rickettsia rickettsii?
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complement fixation or Weil-Felix test
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What are the important coxiella organisms?
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Coxiella burnetii
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Coxiella burnetii?
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obligate intracellular bacterium not seen well on gram-stain
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What is the difference between Rickettsia rickettsii and Coxiella burnetii?
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With Coxiella, there is no rash, no vector, and no Weil-Felix OX test reaction
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Where is Coxiella found?
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It is found in livestock. We get it from barnyard dust. The dust blows and gets into our respiratory system.
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How do we get Coxiella?
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inhalation of aerosols
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What disease does Coxiella cause?
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Q Fever
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What are the symptoms of Q fever?
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1. Fever with no rash 2. ATYPICAL Pneumonia with hepatitis
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Which organisms produce atypical (walking )pneumonia?
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Legionella and Coxiella
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What is the treatment for Coxiella?
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Doxycycline
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What are the important characteritics of Ehrlichia?
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Obligate intracellular bacteria Rickettsial family
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How is Ehrlichia transmitted?
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ticks
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What does Ehrlichia cause and what does is its pathogenisis?
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Ehrlichiosis infects monocytes and macrophages (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
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What is Ehrlichisis similar to?
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Similar to Rocky Mountain Spotted fever without the rash
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What are the characteristics of all Chlamydia?
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Obligate intracellular bacteria Elementary body/reticulate body Not seen on gram stain Cannot make ATP Cell wall lacks muramic acid
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Obligate intracellular bacterium cannot make ATP Found in cells as metabolically active, replicating reticulate bodies Infective form: inactive, extracellular elementary body
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What are the two stages to the Chlamydia trachomatis lifecycle?
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Elementary body: infective state
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How could you get Chlamydia trachomatis and what form would you get?
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Elementary body stage from another person, swimming pool, or hot tub
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What develpoes the elementary bodies
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reticulate bodies which are growing within us with the elementary bodies produced with in it
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Where is Chlamydia trachomatis found?
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HUMAN genital tract and eyes
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What type of disease is Clamydia trachomatis?
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sexual or eye infection
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What serogroups are the cause of the STD (vaginal) form of Chlymidia trachomatis?
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Serotypes D-K
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What are the diseases caused by Chlymidia trachomatis?
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(STD) Nongonococcal urethritis, cervicitis and PID, inclusion conjunctivitis, and inclusion conjunctivitis and/orpneumonia in neonates from serotypes D-K,, and trachoma from serotypes A, B and C
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What serotypes of Chlymida trachomatis cause eye infections?
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Serogroups A, B, and C and the disease is known as condition Chlamydia trichomatous
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What serogroups cause inclusion conjunctivitis?
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serogroups D-K – the same serogroup that cause the vinerial disease.
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What is a trachoma – caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Follicular conjunctivitis leads to conjunctival scarring….inturned eyelashes….corneal scarring….BLINDNESS
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What is lymphogranuloma venereum caused by?
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Chlymidia trachomatis serotypes L1, 2, and 3
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What is lymphogranuloma venereum characterized by?
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Swolllen lymph nodes leading to genital elephantiasis...called a “BUBO”
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What is the number 1 bacterial STD in the United States?
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Chlymidia trachomatis
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What STDs are more popular than Chlymidia trachomatis?
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1. herpes 2. HPV 3. Chlymidia 4. Gonnorrhea
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How would you diagnose Chlymidia?
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DNA probes, ELISA, iodine stain or fluorescent antibody stain
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What are the important species of Chlymidia?
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Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci
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What does Chlamydia pneumoniae cause ?
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Atypical pneumonia
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What organisms cause Atypical pneumonia?
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Legionella Qfever Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Mycoplasma
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What is one of the most important characteristics of an atypical pneumonia?
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it does not produce a productive cough.
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What does Chlamydia psittaci cause?
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Psittacosis
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How do we get Chlamydia psittaci?
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From birds, usually from people who sneak birds past customs
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How would diagnose the cause of an atypical pneumonia?
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take scraping, do florescent antibody, do iodine stain, ELISA, complement fixation, there are many ways
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What are all Chlamydia treated with?
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tetracycline or doxacycline
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What is the most common cause of pneumonia in young adults?
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mycoplasma
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What is the unique feature of mycoplasma and what does this mean?
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it has no cell wall and thus you cannot use penicillins or cephalosporins
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How is mycoplasma transmitted?
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respiratory droplets
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What is the reservoir of mycoplasma?
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HUMAN respiratory tract
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What is the medium that Mycoplasma is often grown on and why is it grown on this?
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Eaton media because it contains sterols which the mycoplasma needs in its cell wall but does not produce
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What does mycoplasma look like on Eaton media?
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Fried Egg
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What is the easy diagnostic test for mycoplasma?
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Cold agglutinins test
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How is a cold agglutinin test performed?
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Bleed patient and put blood in ice box in the cold and the blood will aggulinate.
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What is the best treatment for Mycoplasma?
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Erythromycin
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When in vitro fertilization first started why were the babies usually aborted after about a month?
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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What does Ureaplasma urealyticum produce?
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non-Neisserial, non-Chlamydial urethritis
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What are the main bacterial vinerial diseases ?
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Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, soft chanceroid, and Ureaplasma
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How are fungi similar and different from our cells?
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Fungi have 80 S ribosomes like our cells but they also have ERGOSTEROL, which our cells do not have
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What are some of the main antifungals and how do they work?
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Amphotericin-B binds to ergosterol in the cell wall. Imidazole inhibit antifungal synthesis
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What are the two major forms of fungi?
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hyphae or mycelium
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What is a mycelium?
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mass of hyphae
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What is hyphae called that has no divisions?
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Nonseptate or aseptate hyphae
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What is Amphotericin-B’s mechanism of action?
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Binds to ergosterol in the cell wall.
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What is Imidazole’s mechanism of action?
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inhibit synthesis of ergosterol
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What is the significance of whether or not the hyphae is septate?
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There is a very important disease in immunocompromised patients that is nonseptate
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What are hyphae called that have divisions?
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Septate hyphae
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What is the name for colored hyphae?
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dematiaceous hyphae
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What is clear hyphae called?
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hyaline
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If a fungus is not a in the form of a hyphae, what form will it be in?
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yeast – single celled fungi
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What are the important Dimorphic Fungi?
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Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and Sporothrix
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What does dimorphic mean?
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it that the organism is one form while within us and another form in culture
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What is an example of an organism that has many different form in a culture?
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Candida albicans
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What is the Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue stain used for?
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Any fungus can be stained with this.
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What are the two major forms of fungi?
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hyphae or yeast cells
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What are Asexual spores formed off the hyphae?
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Conidia
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What is an arthroconidia?
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Spores are found inside the myocelium. They are asexual spores formed by a “joint”
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What are asexual budding daughter yeast cells known as?
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Blastoconidia
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What is the first step in treating a fungus sample in the identification process, why?
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treat with KOH in order to melt the human tissue away and leave only the fungus
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What organism is the silver stains used for?
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Pneumocystis
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What is the media used to culture fungi?
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Sabouraud’s agar
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What can we do to diagnose fungi?
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1. do serological testing for antibody 2. test for antigen by doing spinal tap 3. Stain them 4. Culture them on Sabouraud’s agar
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What is the main organism that the India Ink stain is used for?
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Cryptococcus
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Which fungi can be diagnosed using a skin test?
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Blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, Cocci
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What stain can be used on most any fungi?
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Lacto Phenol Cotton Blue stain
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What is the number one killer of HIV patients?
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Pneumocystis, which is stained using the silver stain
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What is the disease that causes a superficial infection of keratinized cells?
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tenea versicolor
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What is tenea versicolor caused by?
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Malassezia furfur
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What is another name for Malassezia furfur?
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Pithrosporeum orbiculare
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What does tinea versicolor appear as clinically?
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hypopigmented spots on the chest/back
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What is a spherule?
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Spores inside the spherules in tissues
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What is seen in a scraping of tinea versicolor?
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Spaghetti and meatballs
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What is the treatment for Malassezia furfur/Pithrosporeum orbiculare?
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Topical selenium sulfide
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What do cutaneous fungal infections infect?
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cutaneous or mucocutaneous layers of the skin
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What are fungi that infect the cutanious and mucocutaneous lays of the skin called?
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ring worm / dermatophytes
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What are the three genera of dermatophytes?
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Trichophyton Microsporum Epidermophyton
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How is Trichophyton easily recognized?
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It has many microconidia and a few pencil shaped macroconidia
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Which type of fungus would a ringworm of the scalp be?
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Microsporum
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Which organism infects skin, hair, and nails?
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Trichophyton
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Which organism infects nail and skin?
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Epidermophyton
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Which organism infects hair and skin?
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Microsporum
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Where does Epidermophyton infect and haw is it identified
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Epidermophyton infects nail and skin and the spores are punching bag shaped. There usually three spores from one area of the mycelia.
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What is a good example of a disease caused by Epidermophyton?
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athletes foot
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What does Epidermophyton look like under the microscope?
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spores look like punching bags, and three spore arise from onearea of mycelia.
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What does microsporum canidia look like?
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big boat shaped canidia
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What is the name for the diseases that Trichophyton, microsporum, and epidermophyton cause?
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they cause tinea (ringworm)
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Where is tinea capitus found?
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scalp
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Where is tinea corporis found?
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body
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Where is tinea pedis found?
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foot……athletes foot
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Where is tinea barbae found?
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ringworm of the bearded region
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Where is tinia cruris found?
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ringworm of the genitocrural region…..jock itch
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What is the treatment for ringworm?
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topical imidazoles oral imidazoles or griseofulvin
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Sporothrix schenckii?
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it is dimorphic
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How is Sporothrix schenckii transmitted?
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tramatic implantation…this is the little old ladies rose garden disease. Thorn of the rose inplants Sporothrix schenckii in the old lady.
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What disease does Sporothrix schenckii cause?
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lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis…….also knowns as “rose gardeners disease
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What does Sporothrix schenckii look like on culture?
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it looks like daisy slusters (conidia look lke daisy clusters) it can also form “sleeve” conidia in culture KNOW THIS
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What is the form of Sporothrix schenckii when it is in us?
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cigar shaped budding yeast cells
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What does sporotrichosis look like clinically?
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you can actually see where the person has stuck themselves and where the fungus is traveling up the lymphatics
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What is the treatment for Sprortrichosis?
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potassium iodide in milk and also sponge potassium iodide onto the gungal lesions
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Which fungi produce deep fungal infections?
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Histoplasma Coccidioides Blastomyces
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What are the identifying characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum?
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it is dimorphic in culture it is known as a tuberculate macroconidia in our tissue it forms small INTRACELLULAR yeasts
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Where do all of the deep fungal infections start, and what are these organisms?
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histoplasma, coccidioides, and blastomyces all start in the lungs
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What do you know if you find a histoplasma, coccidioides, or blastomyces lesion somewhere other then the lungs
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The fungus has already progressed from there and the prognosis is not good
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When in our tissues, what cells is histoplasma capsulatum found in?
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reticuloendothelial (RES) phagocytes
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Where is the endemic area for histoplasmosis?
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Mississippi and Ohio River Valley
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In the endemic areas, where specifically is histoplasmosis capsulatum found?
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soil (dust) enriched with bird or bat feces
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What does histoplasma look like in us and in the environment?
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In us – intreacelluar yeast inside phagocytic cells Environment/Culture – Tuberculate Macroconidia or microconidia
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What form is histoplasmosis in when it is spread to us?
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microconidia
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Who is histoplasmosis particularily dangerous in?
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immunocompromised patients
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What is the treatment for histoplasmosis?
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Amphotericin-B
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How do you know if a the Amphotericin-B fungus treatment is successful?
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you do an antibody test normally in an infection antibody is great but in fungus diseases we depend on cell mediated immunity, not antibody. If an antibody titer goes up up when treating with Amphotericin-B that is a POOR PROGNOSIS. If the antibody titer goes down, that is a good PROGNOSIS.
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What organism is endemic to the US - Mexico border?
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Coccidioides immitis
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Coccidioides immitis?
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It is dimorphic In tissue it forms spherules with endospores In the environment, it is in the arthroconidia form. The conidia are inside the hyphae. These organisms are blowing around in the wind
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What is the disease caused by Histoplasmosis?
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fungus flu ….which then spreads
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How would you treat a Coccidioides immitis infection?
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Amphotericin-B…same as histoplasmosis
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What is the stage of Coccidioides found in us?
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spherules with endospores
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What is the stage of Coccidioides found in culture?
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arthroconidia
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
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Dimorphic Fungus In us - large budding yeast that is double refractile cell wall In culture there are no distinguishing features
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Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis endemic to?
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Overlaps histoplasmosis but also spreads over to the atlantic ocean
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What are the threee major systemic dimorphic fungi?
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Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces
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What are the dimorphic fungi?
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Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidiodes immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis
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When do the opportunistic fungi cause disease?
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When someone is immunocompromised
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Aspergissus funigatus?
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Branching, Septate
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What diseases are caused by Aspergillus?
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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergissosis…which progresses to Fungus ball…progresses to Invasive aspergillosis
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Who does Aspergillis especially infect?
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burn victims, Cyctic fibrosis patients, and neutropenic patients
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Which bacteria infects burn victims, cyctic fibrosis patients, and neutropenic patients?
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Pseudomonas Aerugenosa
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how to you treat aspergillis if it is systemic?
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Amphotericin-B
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