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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Staphylococcus |
gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes, grapelike clusters salt and bile tolerant, dessication tolerant, catalase positive. beta hemolytic |
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Staph aureus + epidermis virulence |
more virulent strain, Protien A coats the cell surface which prevent immuno response (antibodies bind to the lipid); Coagulase enzyme convert fibrinogen to fibrin and these clots hide the bacteria from phagocytic cells. Slime layers aid in the attachment and inhibit leukocyte chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
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Staph enzymes |
Coagulase- blood clotting hyluronidase- enables bacteria to spread between cells Staphylokinase-Allows s.aureus to free itself from the clots Lipases-allows for growth on skin and oil glands B-lactamase- survive treatment of b-lactam drugs (Penicillin) |
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Staph toxins |
Cytolytic toxins Exfoliative toxins Toxic shock syndrome Enterotoxins -heat stable food poisoning |
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Staph non-invasive diseases |
Food poisoning- Enterotoxin contaminated food lasts less than 24 hours and is due to preformed toxin (bacteria do no continue to produce disease) |
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Staph cutaneous disease |
Skalded skin syndrome - exfoliative toxin Impetigo- in children reddened pus filled and crusted over vesicles Folliculitis, sty Furuncle and carbuncle- boils that extend deeper into the skin |
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Staph Systemic disease |
Toxic shock syndrome- fever vomiting red rash low bp loss of skin Bacteremia- Bacteria in blood Endocarditis- lining of the heart Pneumonia Osteomyelitis- inflammation of the bone marrow |
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Staph Treatment |
Methicillin Vanco for mrsa VRSA |
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GROUP A Strep pyrogenes Virulence factors |
Beta-hemolytic Protein M (prevents opsonization and lysis, Hyaluronic acid capsule (hides from phagocytic cells), IgA protease, Pneumolysin. Streptolysins -lyse blood cells. Pyrogenic (ethrogenic) toxins- stimulate cytokines to cause fever
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Strep pyro diseases |
Pharyngitis- strep throat- purulent abcesses covering the tonsils Scarlet fever- Strawberry red tongue (lysogenized strain) Pyoderma and erysipelas- Pus=producing lesions involving lymph nodes, pain and inflammation |
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Group a strep diseases |
Streptococcal toxic shock like syndrome Necrotiszing faciitis Rheumatic Fever- Antibodies cross react with heart antigens, inflammation leads to damage of heart valve+achey joints Glomerulonephritis- antibodies accumulate in glomeruli and nephrons of kidneys which causes inflammation and tea- colored urine |
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Group A strep Treatment |
Penicillin sensitive to erythromycin, cephalosporin, bacitracin |
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Group B Strep. agalactiae |
Beta hemolytic less so Non-protective capsule |
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Strep agalactiae DIseases group b |
Neonatal bacteremia, menigitis, pneumonia Immunocompromised patients at risk |
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Strep agalatiae group b treatment |
elisa test, penicillin g |
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Viridans Streptococci |
Alpha Hemolytic Produces green pigment on blood agar Cause of dental caries and dental plaques via dextran |
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Strep Pneumoniae Virulence |
Alpha-hemolytic non pigmented forms pairs Poylysaccachride Capsule, IgA protesase (destroys IgA) Pneumolysin- Binds to cholesterol in membranes of epithelial cells which creates pores that lyse the cell. |
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Strep Pneumoniae Diseases |
Pneumococcal pneumonia-damage alveolar lining, allows fluid,rbcs and leukocytes to enter the lungs Sinusitis + otitus- pus and inflammation of sinus and middle ear Bacteremia and endocarditis Pneumococcal menigitis- spread to meninges |
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Step Pneumoniae Treatment |
Quellung reaction - anti-capsular antibodies cause capsule to swell Penicillin |
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Enterococcus |
Gram positive, NONCAPSULE, catalase negative, nonhemolytic. forms short chains. salt and bile tolerant. high ph and 45C. cause of nosocomial infections and resistant to antimicrobials |
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Bacillus Anthracis |
Facultative anerobic, non motile, centrally located endospores bioterror agent Protective capsule- polyglutamic acid anthrax toxins- edema factor protective antigen and lethal factor disease of herbivores (zoonotic) GI, Cutaneous (echars) inhalation. most antimicrobials can treat. |
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Clostridium |
Gram positive anerobic, endospore bacillus, secrete histolytic, enterotoxins, and neurotoxins found in soil, water and gi of animals and humans |
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Clos. perfringens |
Food posoning Gas Gangrene- Endospores enter deep tissues through trauma. causes necrosis and produce gaseous waste. require removal of dead tissue and antitoxin and antimicrobials |
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Clos, difficile |
intestinal microbiota oppertunistic self-limiting explosive diarrhea- Toxin A Pseudomembranous colitis- sections of the colon falls off-Toxin B Caused by Antimicrobial vanco or metronazidole |
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Clos. Botulinum |
Anerobic endospore gram positive bacillus; Botulism and potent neurotoxins. botulism toxins A-G INTOXICATION foodborne- canned- dizzy blurred vision, dry mouth, progressive paralysis- cant contract muscles- flaccid Infant- honey- floppy Wound |
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Clos. Tetani |
endospore obligate anerobe grampositive baccili tetanus toxin-neurotoxin-tetanospasmin blobks inhibitory neurotransmitters leads to constant contraction of muscles and lock jaw(trismus). immunized with tetanus toxoid |
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Listeria - L. monoctygenes |
non spore Found in soil,water,mammals,fish,insects Intracellular pathogen, can survive in wide range of temp, (raw veggies, milk, cheese coleslaw. Unique tumbling motility at room temp. actin polymerization uses this to get btw cells, Listeriosis: food borne, can cross placenta- still birth. Adherenace and invasion using internalin protien listeriolysin O helps it escape phagosome. can cause meningitis in imunocomp. long incubation period |
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Mycoplasma- M.pneumoniae |
Smallest free living microbe can assume many shapes; lacks cell wall, cytochromes, enzymes of the krebs cycle, have sterols in cyto membrane; atypical walking pneumonia. resistant to penecillin and cephalosporin that target peptidogylcan cell wall |
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Other Species of Mycoplasm |
M.genetalium and U.urealyticum cause inflammation of the urethra M.hominus cause Pelvic inflam disease these colonize unrinary and genital tract of newborn girls |
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Corynebacterium diptheriaeProperties |
high gc pleomorphic nonendospore; Divide by binary fission (snapping division) v-shape and palisade arrangements; metachromatic granulea; causes diptheria |
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Corynebacterium Diptheriae |
contains bacteriophage that codes for diphtheria toxin; destroys the elongation factor which stops protein synthesis +cell death |
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Diptheria (corynebacterium) |
Sore throat, fever, pharyngitis, oozing fluid composed of intracellular fluid and other bacteria and dead cells- turns into pseudomembrane- adheres to tonsils and pharynx suffocation- elek test (assay) and loffler's medium treated with antitoxin DTaP |
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Mycobacterium |
High GC non endospore forming waxy lipid- mycolic acid acid fast staining, slow growth. resistant to antimicrobials and dessication; Lowenstein-jensen agar. not that virulent |
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Myco. tuberculosis |
Cord factor- produces strands of daughter cells: inhibits migration neutrophils. Lungs-form tubecules, bacteria have pili that attach to extracellular protein laminin 1. inhalation 2. macrophage phagocytize but cannot digest them (bacteria prevent phagosome+lysosome) 3. bacteria replicate inside cell and and kill them, more macrophages come 4. immune cells produce cytokines-inflammation macrophages surround the infection forming tubercule stalemate btw immune system and bacteria 5. surrounded in collagen fibers then calcified(ghon complexes) infected cells in the center die (caseous necrosis) center may liquify and fill with air |
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Types of TB (myco tuberculosis) |
Primary TB- results from initial infection Secondary- Reestablishment of active infection after dormancy- immuno suppressed rupture tubercule Disseminated - infection spread throughout the body via blood and lymph- bone marrow spleen kidney brain spine |
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TB(myco) diagnosis and treatment |
Tuberculin skin test (ppd) injest antigen into skin- red raised bump- xray common antimicrobials are ineffective combination of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months then isoniazid and rifampin for 4 MDR strain- fluoroquinolones and kanamycin for 2 years XDR-TB- resistant to all BCG vac- attenuated m bovis strain |
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Myco. leprae |
Leprosy- does not grow on cell free culture (armadillo) 30C preference grows on colder body parts. leprosy antigen skin test (lepromin) treated with clofazimin, rifampin, or dapsone for year |
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Types of Leprosy |
Tuberculoid- nonprogressive; strong cell-mediated immunity is able to kill infected cells; regions of skin lose sensation due to nerve damage Lepromatous- weak immunity patients progessivley destroys cold tissue incubation of several years |
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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare |
oppertunistic pathogen most common infection in AIDS peeps in US; can affect every organ massive organ failure |
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Propionibacterium |
gram positive bacilli on skin produce propionic acid as a byproduct of fermentation;causes acne; retinoic acid deeritave of vit a can inhibit formation of oil |
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Norcardia |
Fungus like filamentous bacteria- long hyphal cells acid fast; found in soil pulmonay, cutaneous, nervous system infections; mycetomas- swelling pus and sores ;ACID FAST- mycolic acid. SULfonamide treatment |
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Actinomycins |
gram positive; sulfur granules Fungus like filamentous bacteria; (calcuim phosphate) dental caries after surgery; abcesses-actinomycosis |
