Microbiology Unit 2 Mc Questions

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The native microbial forms that an individual harbors.

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Normal (Resident) Flora

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Belonging or native to.

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Indigenous

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The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.

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Infection

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Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.

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Pathogen

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The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent.

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Infectious Disease

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In normal flora, the assortment of superficial microbes whose numbers and types vary depending upon recent exposure. The deeper-lying residents constitute a more stable population.

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Transient

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The deeper, more stable, microflora that inhabit the skin and exposed mucous membranes, as opposed to the superficial, variable, transient population.

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Residents

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A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism.

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Microbial Antagonism

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Originating or produced within an organism or one of its parts.

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Endogenous

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The cavity within a tubular organ.

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Lumen

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A collective term that includes normal enteric bacteria that are gram-negative and lactose-fermenting.

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Coliforms

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A microbe or mixture of microbes that may be used to balance the normal flora and prevent infections.

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Probiotics

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Are capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses. Examples: influenza virus, plague bacillus, and malarial protozoan.

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True pathogens (Primary pathogens)

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A situation where ordinarily nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes cause disease in an immunologically compromised host.

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Opportunistic pathogens (opportunistic infection)

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A product of microbes such as an enzyme or toxin that increases the invasiveness or pathogenicity.

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Virulence Factor

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Characteristics route of entry for an infectious agent; typically a cutaneous or membranous route.

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Portal of Entry

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Originating outside the body.

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Exogenous

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Infections resulting from pathogens that enter the body via sexual intercourse or intimate, direct contact.

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Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

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Acronym for common infections of the fetus and neonate. STORCH stands for Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other disease (hepatitis B, AIDS, and chlamydiosis), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus.

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Storch

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The estimated number of microbial cells or units required to establish an infection.

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Infectious dose

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The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry; often involves a specific interaction between the molecules on the microbial surface and the receptors on the host cell.

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Adhesion

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A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles. A phagocyte is a cell specialized for doing this.

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Phagocytosis and Phagocytes

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A heat-liable substances formed by some pyogenic cocci that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes.

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Leukocidins

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An extracellular enzyme chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules that are otherwise impervious to the cell membrane. It functions in saprobic decomposition of organic debris and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens.

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Exoenzymes

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A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms.

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Toxin

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The tendency for a pathogen to produce toxins. It is an important factor in bacterial virulence.

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Toxigenicity

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Disease whose adverse effects are primarily due to the production and release of toxins.

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Toxinoses

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An abnormality associated with certain infectious diseases. Toxemia is caused by toxins or other noxious substances released by microorganisms circulating in the blood.

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Toxemias

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Poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection.

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Intoxications

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A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin.

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Exotoxin

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A bacterial intracellular toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls.

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Endotoxin

Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever.

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Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin. Many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act as hymolysins.

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Hemolysins

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Hemolysin

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Hemolyze

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The period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms.

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Incubation Period

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A short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. It indicates the onset of an infection.

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Prodromium

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A combined microbial toxin with part B that binds to the cell and part A that disrupts cell function.

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A-B Toxin

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The period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity and becomes well established in the target tissues.

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Period of Invasion

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Recovery; the period between the end of a disease and the complete restoration of health in a patient.

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Convalescence

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Occurring throughout the body; said of infections that invade many compartments and organs via the circulation.

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Systemic (Infection)

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Occurs when an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to other tissues.

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Focal Infection

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Occurs when several different pathogens interact simultaneously to produce an infection. Also called a synergistic infection.

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Mixed Infection

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Diseases that may result of biofilm formation at the site of infection.

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Polymicrobial

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An initial infection in a previously healthy individual that is later complicated by an additional (secondary) infection.

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Primary Infection

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Characterized by rapid onset and short duration.

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Acute

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Any process or disease that persists over a long duration.

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Chronic

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Any abnormality uncovered upon physical diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease. A sign is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a symptom, which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.

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Sign

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The subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.

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Symptom

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The collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, pain a portrait of the disease.

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Syndrome

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A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent.

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Inflammation

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The accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities. Also called swelling.

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Edema

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A solid mass or nodule of inflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. Usually a chronic pathologic process of diseases such as tuberculosis or syphilis.

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Granulomas

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An inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.

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Abscesses

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Inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. Also called lymphadenopathy.

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Lymphadenitis

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A wound, injury, or some other pathologic change in tissues.

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Lesion

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An abnormally large number of leukocytes in the blood, which can be indicative of acute infection.

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Leukocytosis

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A lower-than-normal leukocyte count in the blood, which can be indicative of blood infection or disease.

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Leukopenia

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Systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood.

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Septicemia

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The presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood.

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Bacteremia

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The presence of a virus in the bloodstream.

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Viremia

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An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue.

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Asymptomatic

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A period of inapparent manifestations that occurs before symptoms and signs of disease appear.

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Subclinical

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Characteristic route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism.

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Portal of Exit

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The state of being inactive and not multiplying. Example: a latent virus or latent infection.

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Latency

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A morbid complication that follows a disease.

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Sequelae

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In disease communication, the natural host or habitat of a pathogen.

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Reservoir

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The person or item from which an infection is immediately acquired.

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Source

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A person who harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads them to others. Also, a chemical agent that can accept an atom, chemical radical, or subatomic particle from one compound and pass it on to another.

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Carrier

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A person with an inapparent infection who shows no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease agent on to others.

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Asymptomatic Carrier

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Persons who mechanically transfer a pathogen without ever being infected by it, for example, a health care worker who doesn't wash his/her hands adequately between patients.

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Passive Carrier

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An animal that not only transports an infectious agent but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen, serving as a site in which it can multiply or complete its life cycle. It is usually an alternate host to the pathogen.

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Biological Vector

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An animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it, such as houseflies whose feet become contaminated with feces.

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Mechanical Vectors

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An infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals.

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Zoonosis

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Capable of being transmitted from one individual to another.

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Communicable Infection

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An impurity; any undesirable material or organism. A culture into which unknown microbes have been introduced is contaminated.

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Contagious

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An infectious disease that does not arrive through transmission of an infectious agent from host to host.

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Noncommunicable

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An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens.

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Vehicle

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Virtually any inanimate object an infected individual has contact with that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease.

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Fomite

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The dried residue of fine droplets produced by mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing. Droplet nuclei are less than 5 micrometers in diameter (large enough to bear a single bacterium and small enough to remain airborne for a long time) and can be carried by air currents. Droplet nuclei are drawn deep into the air passages.

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Droplet Nuclei

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Airborne suspensions of fine dust or moisture particles airborne that contain live pathogens.

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Aerosols

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An infection not present upon admission to a hospital but incurred while being treated there.

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Nosocomial Infections

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Centers for Disease Control and prevention guidelines for health care workers regarding the prevention of disease transmission when handling patients and body substances.

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Universal Precautions

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Those diseases that must be reported to health authorities by law.

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Reportable Disease

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Any deviation from health, as when the effects of microbial infection damage or disrupt tissues and organs.

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Diseases

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The total cumulative number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period.

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Prevalence

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In epidemiology, the number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period.

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Incidence

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Total number of deaths in a population attributable to a particular disease.

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Mortality Rate

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A diseased condition.

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Morbidity

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A native disease that prevails continuously in a geographic region.

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Endemic Disease

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Description of a disease which exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales.

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Sporadic

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A sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community.

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Epidemic

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A disease afflicting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide).

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Pandemic