Microbiology U4.10.09 Final - Gram Negative Rod Diseases

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P. aeruginosa infections are responsible for many ____ diseases including dermatitis, ear infection, post burn infections (____ pus) & septicemia

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skin - BLUE

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P. aeruginosa. It is widespread in water, soil, ____, ____, ____ & ____ & especially prevalent in ____ ____ & swimming pools used by a lot of people (chlorine becomes less ____)

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SOAP, DISINFECTANTS, FLOWERS & PLANTS - HOT TUBS - EFFECTIVE

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P. aeruginosa. It is resistant to many ____

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DISINFECTANTS

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P. aeruginosa. Together with other gram -ve rods, it can invade the body if the body defenses fail causing blood poisoning or ____ as a result of endotoxin production

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SEPTICEMIA

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P. aeruginosa. Often ____ (transmitted)

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nosocomial

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P. aeruginosa. Treatment =3RD GENERATION ____, MD ____ IS A REAL PROBLEM

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CEPHALOSPORINS - RESISTANCE

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Salmonella. There are over 2000 serovars of this organism which are commonly found in fecally contaminated water, meat & dairy products (____, ____) & on cutting boards

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MAYONNAISE, CESAR'S SALAD

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Salmonella. It is WIDELY ____ in many ____

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DISTRIBUTED - animals

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Salmonella. ____ ____ causes salmonellosis, a disease of the ____ system

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Salmonella species - digestive

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Salmonella. It probably affects 300,000 people per year & is under ____

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reported

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Salmonella. The signs & symptoms include …(3) as well as ____

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NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA - FEVER

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Salmonella. It has a longer incubation time than ____, usually __HRS - __DAYS

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Staph - 12HRS -3 DAYS

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Salmonella. The organisms invade the lining cells of the ____ ____ & VILLI

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SMALL INTESTINE

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Salmonella. Normal recovery is within a few ____ but people continue to shed the organism in their feces for up to __ months

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days - 6 months

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Salmonella. Mortality is very low except in ____ & the ____

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INFANTS & the ELDERLY

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Salmonella. Traditional diagnosis was by fecal isolation -now ____ PROBES are starting to be used

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ELlSNDNA

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Salmonella. Treatment is ____ ____

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ORAL REHYDRATION

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Salmonella. Important preventative measures include refrigeration, thorough ____ (__°C+) & sanitation

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COOKING - 68

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Salmonella typhi is an especially virulent form & causes typhoid fever, most case in the US are in ____

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TRAVELLERS

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Salmonella typhi. It is a more severe version of the above, the incubation is longer (__ weeks) with ____ being the first sign at a much higher temperature, __°C/104°F

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2 - FEVER - 40°C/104°F

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S. typhi can pass through the bloodstream & become ____

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SYSTEMIC

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S. typhi. Headaches & ____ pain are severe

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ABDOMINAL

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S. typhi. Diarrhea only appears in the ____ week

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2ND

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S. typhi. Mortality is lower than it used to be, but recovered patients become ____ eg ____

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carriers - TYPHOID

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S. typhi. Mary who harbored the pathogen in her ____ & spread the disease working as a cook in New York State at the turn of the century

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GALLBLADDER

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S. typhi. Immunization is with an ____ bacterium in developing countries but needs to be improved

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INACTIVATED

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S. typhi. Treatment is with ____ OR ____ but resistance is a problem

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CHLORAMPHENICOL OR TRIMETHOPRIM

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E. coli is one of the most ____ microbes in your ____ tract

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COMMON - intestinal

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E. coli. It is normally harmless but certain strains are opportunistic & virulent & can cause ____ ____ eg 0157:H7 & are especially serious in ____

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traveller's diarrhea - CHILDREN

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E. coli. Outbreaks occur periodically in the US through the ingestion of UNDERCOOKED ____ or ____ & cause inflammation of the ____ with ____ (colitis).

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HAMBURGER/MILK - COLON - BLEEDING

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E. coli. There is diarrhea but no ____ & the stools often contain ____

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FEVER - blood

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E. coli. A dangerous complication is ____ failure from the production of a toxin

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KIDNEY

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E. coli. Treatment is ____ ____! _____-BISMOL taken 4x per day appears to prevent diarrhea when taken on holiday

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ORAL REHYDRATION - PEPTOBISMOL

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Shigella spp. causes ____ ____ (Shigellosis) of the ____ system

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BACILLARY DYSENTARY - DIGESTIVE

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Shigella spp. Reservoirs & transmission =fecally infected ____, ____ conditions (feces to fingers, food, feces, flies, fomites)

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food - unsanitary

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Shigella spp. Common in ____, overcrowded ____, ____, etc

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institutions - facilities - daycare

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Shigella spp. This organism is very similar to ____ & the diseases have such similar signs & symptoms that they are often confused when the disease is mild

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coliforms

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Shigella spp. Unlike salmoellosis, it does not invade the ____

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bloodstream

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Shigella spp. It is responsible for the MASSIVE DESTRUCTION of the ____ INTESTINE (CRIPPLING CRAMPS) with severe diarrhea that contains ____, mucus & pus

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LARGE - BLOOD

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Shigella spp. The disease is most serious in the ____ with a 20% death rate

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TROPICS

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Shigella spp. The main reservoir is ____ unlike salmonellas & is easily spread by direct contact

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HUMANS

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Shigella spp. Treatment is ____ ____

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ORAL REHYDRATION

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____ ____ is a curved rod that causes a disease of the ____ system called cholera

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Vibrio cholerae - digestive

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V. cholerae. It is ____ in Asia, India & part of S. AMERICA

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endemic

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V. cholerae. Poor sanitation & contaminated ____ are two major culprits of the disease

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WATER

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V. cholerae. The incubation period is usually ____

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DAYS

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V. cholerae. It grows in the ____ INTESTINE & releases a potent enterotoxin which causes ____ ____ STOOLS because of the masses of mucus, intestinal & bacterial cells present

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SMALL - RICE WATER

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V. cholerae. Vast amounts of fluid are lost very quickly from the body (__-__ L IN A DAY) which can lead to the catastrophic effects of VIOLENT ____, TOXIC ____, ____ THICKENING, VITAL ____ FAILURE, COLLAPSE & ____

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12-20 L - VOMITING, TOXIC SHOCK, BLOOD THICKENING, VITAL ORGAN FAILURE, COLLAPSE & DEATH

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V. cholerae. Mortality is __% if untreated

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50%

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V. cholerae. The organism is easily cultured from ____. Vaccination is of ____ duration

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feces - short

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V. cholerae. Treatment is through ____ ____ & ____

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ORAL REHYDRATION, TETRACYCLINES

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C. jejuni is a ____ (oxygen requirement) disease of the ____ SYSTEM

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MICROAEROPHILIC - DIGESTIVE

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C. jejuni. Morphology is____, ____ IN ____-WINGED PAIRS

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SPIRAL, VIBRIOS IN GULL-WINGED PAIRS

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C. jejuni. One of the most important causes of ____ worldwide -2.5 million cases per year in the US

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gastroenteritis

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C. jejuni. Transmission = contaminated ____ & ____ (water, milk, meat, chicken etc)

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food & drink

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C. jejuni. ____ INTESTINE is infected. S & S = headache, fever, abdominal pain, ____/____ diarrhea like that of cholera with mucus

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SMALL - bloody/watery

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C. jejuni. Diagnosis = ____/____ samples (darkfield microscopy ID by unusual cell morphology), isolation & culturing

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fecal/blood

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C. jejuni. Treatment - ____ ____ & ____

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ORAL REHYDRATION, ERYTHROMYCIN

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C. jejuni. Prevention occurs through ____ & proper food preparation

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sanitation

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Bordetella pertussis is a serious childhood disease of the ____ system called ____ ____ which is only a problem if parents fail to get their children ____ (DPT 2,4,6, 15 months etc)

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respiratory - WHOOPING COUGH - VACCINATED

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Bordetella pertussis. It is a ____ disease

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resurgent

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Bordetella pertussis. SPREAD =DIRECT ____ OR ____

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CONTACT OR DROPLETS

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Bordetella pertussis. ____ can develop life-threatening complications

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babies

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Bordetella pertussis. Mucus builds up blocking the airways, congestion, sneezing, coughing and then ____ coughing (whoops & deep inhalation)

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PAROXYMAL

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Bordetella pertussis. Treatment =2 weeks ____

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ERYTHROMYCIN

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Bordetella pertussis. Recently it has been discovered that older children & adults probably need ____ as the ____ does not give long-lasting protection

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boosters as the DPT