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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
antimicrobial resistance is a relative or complete lack of effect of an ____ against a previously ____ microbe
antimicrobials - sensitive
4 mechanisms that are involved with antimicrobial resistance
conjugation - transformation - transduction - spontaneous mutation
3 mechanisms of antibiotic intermicrobial transfer
conjugation - transformation - transduction
in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, alteration of drug ____ is no longer affected
target
in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is alteration of membrane ____ so the drugs can't get in
permeability
in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is development of ____ that inactivate the ____ & destroy it
enzymes - drug
in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is development of alternate synthetic _____ (by hook or by crook)
pathways
3 examples of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
antibiotic degrading enzyme - antibiotic alterating enzyme - efflux pump
3 major microbes that are capable of intermicrobial antibiotic transfer
E.coli - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Staphylococcus aureus
a problem with antimicrobial resistance is ____ usage
inappropriate
exposure to sub-____ levels of the chemical causes antimicrobial resistance problems
sub-optimal
exposure to microbes carrying ____ ____ causes antimicrobial resistance problems
resistant genes
5 infections that are prescribed with unnecessary antibiotics
ear infection - common cold - bronchitis - sore throat - sinusitis
premature termination of antibiotic treatment causes a ____ with highly ____ organisms
relapse - resistant
in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, highly resistant organisms can spread to other hosts, causing more ____-____ ____
drug-resistant - infections
in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms are destroyed easily
sensitive
in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms are destroyed somewhat
intermediate
in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms survive & relapse
resistant
tuberculosis is ____-____ resistant due consequences of ____ ____
multi-drug - antimicrobial resistance
in the consequences of antimicrobial resistance, infection are resistant to available ____
antibiotics
in the consequences of antimicrobial resistance, there is increased ____ of ____
cost - treatment
methecillin resistant staphylococcus aureus is a consequence of ____ ____
antimicrobial resistance
4 ways to combat antimicrobial resistance
develop new anti-microbials - improve old chemicals - combo therapy - limit antibiotic use
in ____ ____, antibiotics can be used less & be many times more effective
combo therapy
in combo therapy, A + B = 2 is ____ (additive/synergistic)
additive
in combo therapy, A + B = 10 - 100 is ____ (additive/synergistic)
synergistic
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by ____
all animals
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the ____ systems early line of defense
immune
antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced on injured or infected ____ skin or human ____ & ____ tract linings
frog - respiratory - gastrointestinal
3 examples of antisense treatments
sharks - squalamines - non-microbe sources