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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
antimicrobial resistance is a relative or complete lack of effect of an ____ against a previously ____ microbe
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antimicrobials - sensitive
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4 mechanisms that are involved with antimicrobial resistance
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conjugation - transformation - transduction - spontaneous mutation
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3 mechanisms of antibiotic intermicrobial transfer
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conjugation - transformation - transduction
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in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, alteration of drug ____ is no longer affected
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target
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in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is alteration of membrane ____ so the drugs can't get in
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permeability
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in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is development of ____ that inactivate the ____ & destroy it
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enzymes - drug
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in mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, there is development of alternate synthetic _____ (by hook or by crook)
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pathways
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3 examples of mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
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antibiotic degrading enzyme - antibiotic alterating enzyme - efflux pump
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3 major microbes that are capable of intermicrobial antibiotic transfer
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E.coli - Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Staphylococcus aureus
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a problem with antimicrobial resistance is ____ usage
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inappropriate
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exposure to sub-____ levels of the chemical causes antimicrobial resistance problems
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sub-optimal
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exposure to microbes carrying ____ ____ causes antimicrobial resistance problems
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resistant genes
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5 infections that are prescribed with unnecessary antibiotics
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ear infection - common cold - bronchitis - sore throat - sinusitis
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premature termination of antibiotic treatment causes a ____ with highly ____ organisms
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relapse - resistant
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in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, highly resistant organisms can spread to other hosts, causing more ____-____ ____
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drug-resistant - infections
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in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms are destroyed easily
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sensitive
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in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms are destroyed somewhat
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intermediate
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in the effects of premature termination of antibiotic treatment, ____ organisms survive & relapse
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resistant
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tuberculosis is ____-____ resistant due consequences of ____ ____
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multi-drug - antimicrobial resistance
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in the consequences of antimicrobial resistance, infection are resistant to available ____
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antibiotics
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in the consequences of antimicrobial resistance, there is increased ____ of ____
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cost - treatment
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methecillin resistant staphylococcus aureus is a consequence of ____ ____
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antimicrobial resistance
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4 ways to combat antimicrobial resistance
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develop new anti-microbials - improve old chemicals - combo therapy - limit antibiotic use
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in ____ ____, antibiotics can be used less & be many times more effective
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combo therapy
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in combo therapy, A + B = 2 is ____ (additive/synergistic)
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additive
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in combo therapy, A + B = 10 - 100 is ____ (additive/synergistic)
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synergistic
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antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced by ____
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all animals
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antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the ____ systems early line of defense
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immune
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antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced on injured or infected ____ skin or human ____ & ____ tract linings
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frog - respiratory - gastrointestinal
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3 examples of antisense treatments
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sharks - squalamines - non-microbe sources
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