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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Atom
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Smallest unit of matter, nondivisible by chemical means
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What are the physical properties of elements?
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States of matter, size, texture, odors, taste
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What are the two parts of atomic structure?
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Central Nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons and outer shells (energy levels) consisting of electrons
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What are the static particles?
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Neutrons and Protons
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Atomic weight or mass consists of what?
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the combined number of protons and neutrons
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Which particle is constantly in motion?
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electrons
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Are all atoms electrically neutral?
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yes
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What does electrically neutral mean?
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the number of protons equals the number of electrons. The positive charge plus the negitive charge equal zero
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What are the chemical properties of elements?
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What do you do? What kind of molecule can you form?
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What are the outer shell electrons called?
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Valance electrons
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What is the order of electron distribution?
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2,8,8 etc.
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What is a molecule?
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contains 2 or more atoms
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What is a compound?
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Contains 2 or more elements
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Two types of reactions between atoms?
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Ionic and Covalent bonds
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Is every molecule a compound?
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No but every compound is a molecule.
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What is the Octet rule?
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atoms come together to form molecules in such a way that each atom ends up with 8 electrons in its outer shell.
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On the periodic chart what is contained in column VIII?
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the inert gases, tend to never react
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What is an element
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any substance that contains just one type of atom
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What is an ionic reaction?
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atoms give up or take on one or more electrons
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What is an ion?
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when the atom carries a charge ie there are more protons than electrons (+) or more electrons than protons (-)
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What is a Cation
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has a positive charge (+) more protons
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What is an Anion?
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Has a negative charge (-)more electrons
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Characteristics of CoValent Bonds
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Much stronger than ionic. Atoms share the electrons
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Name two types of CoValent Bonds
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Polar and non polar
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What is a non polar covalent bond?
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electrons are shared equally between two atoms
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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electrons are not shared equally causing a partial negative or partial postive charge
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What is electronegativity?
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relative measurement of an elements attractiveness to electrons If differene of electronegativity is >2 than is ionic bond if difference is <2 than covalent
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What is SPONCH
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the building blocks of life, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen
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N-H or O-H
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biologically important polar covalent bonds, remember the bully will have a negative image.
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Polar
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Do not show preference between atoms
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NonPolar
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No Preference even sharing
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Hydrogen bonds
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form between hydrogen atoms and relatively electronegative elements like oxygen and nitrogen. Must already be part of a polar covalent bond.
Very weak bond that is typically broken down by enviromental factors. When there are many hydrogen bonds can be a stabilitizing force. |
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What is Denaturation?
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When hydrogen bonds are broken in large structures where they are providing stabilizaton
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What is a solution?
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Homogeneous mixture
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What is a Solute
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Material that was initially a solid
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What is a Solvent
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Liquid that disolves the solute
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What is the "universal solvent" for ions and polar molecules?
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H2O
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What is a Sphere of hydration?
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Hydration shells when water reacts with an ionic molecule the molecules that are developed
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Like dissolves like
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to disolve a polar solute requires a polar solvent. Nonpolar molecules do not disolve in water they cluster together
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What is a hydrophobic interaction?
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When nonpolar molecules cluster together in the presence of water
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Why are hydrophobic interactions important?
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Stabilizes membrane structures, protein structures and enzyme and substrate bonding
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Polar equals?
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Hydrophilic
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NonPolar equals?
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Hydrophobic
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Characteristics of Acids
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inorganic or organic, dissociate in water to release H+ ions. Sometimes called proton doners because they donate hydrogen ions
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Characteristics of Bases
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Alkalines, Dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions Proton acceptors
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pH scale
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Measurement of H+ concentration in a solution. The low range 1-7 are acids and the high range 7-14 are bases.
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What is a buffer?
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Combine with or release H+ ions to keep pH stable. maintain pH homeostasis. does not neutralize the solution just maintains the pH
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What is a salt?
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An ionic compound formed whtn acids react with bases.
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What is an electrolyte?
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Salts dissolved in water
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Characteristics of Macromolecules (polymers)
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Main chemical component of cells, composed of "building blocks" called monomers. Monomers are grouped into classes according to their chemical properties.
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What is an organic molecule
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Carbon is present represents core of molecule having a carbon backbone
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What is the polymer for Monosaccharides?
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Polysaccharides
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What is the polymer for Fatty Acids?
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Lipids
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What is the polymer for Nucleic Acids?
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Nuleotides
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What is the polymer for Amino Acids?
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Proteins
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Which polymers are informational?
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Nuleotides and Proteins
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What are functional groups?
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Specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions and are responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and many of the physical properties of a particular organic compound
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-CH3
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Methyl Nonpolar
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-OH
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Hydroxyl Polar
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C=O
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Carbonyl Polar
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COOH (COO-)
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Carboxyl Acid
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-NH3 (-NH4+)
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Amino Basic-proteins
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-PO4-2
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Phosphate-ATP and DNA
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-SH
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Sulfydryl-protein structure and stabilization
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O-H
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Alcohol
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O=C-H
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Aldehyde-glucose
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O=C
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Ketone
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O=C-O-R
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Ester-Bacteria and eukaryotic plasma membranes Lipids
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H-C-O-C-H
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Ether
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What is the general structure of Carbohydrates
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H-C-OH
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Types of Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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Types of Monosaccharides
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contains between 3-7 carbons. Pentoses (5) ribose and deoxyribose. Hexoses (6) Glucose and Fructose
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What is a Disaccharide
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2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration (H2O removed) synthesis
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Disaccharides are connected by what?
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Covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages
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What are the two orientations of glycosidic linkages?
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Alpha-hydrogens face same direction and Beta hydrogens face opposite
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Alpha Glycosidic linkages are important for?
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in carbohydrates used as carbon and energy reserves
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Beta Glycosidic linkages are important for?
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in carbohydrates that function as cell wall subunits
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What is a Polysaccharide?
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100's or 1000's of monomeric subunits
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What does peptidoglycan contain?
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glucose derivatives
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What are some examples of Polysaccharides?
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Glycogen, Cellulose, Starch and dextran
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Name the types of Lipids.
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Fatty Acids, Simple lipids, Complex lipids, Steriods, and Waxes
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Fatty acids are made up of what?
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Long chain hydrocarbons usually 16 or 18 carbons ending in an acid group
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What is the difference in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
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saturated have no double bonds in the carbon chain usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated have at lease one double bond in the chain. Less hydrogen more liquid.
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What is an example of a simple lipid?
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Triglycerides
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3 fatty acids bonded to one molecule of glycerol is a what?
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Triglyceride
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What is the linkage that links the glyceried and the 3 fatty acids in a triglyceride?
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ester linkage
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What causes a complex lipid?
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When one fatty acid chain on the glycerol is replaces by an organic molecule
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Examples of complex lipids?
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Phospholipid and glycolipids
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What are glycolipids used for?
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As markers in cell membrane recognition
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What has high concentrations of wax in their cell walls and must use Acid-stain to stain?
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Mycobacterium smegmatis which causes both TB and Leprosy
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What are Nuclectides composed of?
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A Pentose sugar, A nitrogen base and a phosphate group
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What are the two classes of nitrogen bases that identify Nuclectides?
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Purines (G-A) and Pyrimidines (C-T-U)
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What are the roles of Nuclectides?
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Building blocks of nucleic acids carriers of chemical energy. Regulatory molecules
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What is the largest of the micromolecules defined by long polymers of nucleotides in a defined sequence?
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Nucleic Acids
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Name two Nucleic Acids
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DNA and RNA
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Characteristics of DNA
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Double stranded helix held together by H-bonds. Backbone held together by phosphodiester bonds.consists of base pairs A-T and C-G
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What is Antiparallel?
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DNA
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What is the function of DNA
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To code and store genetic information
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What are the 3 types of RNA
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Messenger, Transfer and Ribosomal
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What are the characteristics of RNA
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Single Stranded involved in protein synthesis
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DNA is the recipe and...
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RNA is the chef
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Who are the workhorses of Macromolecules?
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Proteins
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Proteins are Polymers of Amino Acids connected by ?
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Dehydration synthesis creating Peptide bonds
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Proteins contain what functional groups?
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Carboxylic acid group and amino group
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What is a dipeptide?
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2 amino acids linked together
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what is a Tripeptide
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3 amino acids linked together
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What is a polypeptide
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>3 amino acids linked together
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What are the two main types of proteins?
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Catalytic (enzymes) or structural
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What are the 4 levels of Protein structure?
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Primary, Secondary, Tertitary and Quaternary
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What is a linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds?
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Primary Structure Protein
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What are the two types of Secondary Structure?
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Pleated sheets and helix
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What is the final 3-D shape of polypeptide?
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Tertiary Structure
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How is Tertiary structure maintained?
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By bonding between the R groups
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What are the types of bonds at the Tertiary level?
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Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic interactions, and Covalent bonds (disulfide bonds)
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When 2 sufide groups bond up and diffuse their hydrogens the sufilde can then bond in a ?
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Disulfide bridge
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What describes association between polypeptides in complex proteins?
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Quaternary structure
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What is it called when a protein changes and shape and therefore its function? A what level does it happen most?
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Denaturing at level 2
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What type of bonds can be found in the quaternary structure?
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Disufide bonds
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