Microbiology-Tortora Ch1-4 Review

Front 1

Nomenclature

Back 1

Genus species

Front 2

How do Archaea differ from bacteria?

Back 2

No peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Not pathogenic

Front 3

3 main groups of Archaea

Back 3

Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

Front 4

Fungi

Back 4

Unicellular or multicellular
Cell walls of chitin

Front 5

Bacterial Shapes

Back 5

Cocci = round
Bacilli = Rod shaped
Spirochetes = Spiral

Front 6

What is the most typical fungi?

Back 6

Mold

Front 7

What type of fungi resembles amoeba?

Back 7

Slime Mold

Front 8

Protozoa

Back 8

-Unicellular
-Sexual or asexual reproduction
-Can be free- living or parasitic

Front 9

Protozoa locomotion?

Back 9

-pseudopodia (false foot)
-flagella
-cilia

Front 10

Define Bacteria

Back 10

-Prokaryotes
-Simple, single-celled
-Genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane, but the cell itself is enclosed by a cell wall composed largely by peptidoglycan
-Locomotion: flagella
-Reproduction: Binary fission
-Nutrition: autotrophic, chemotrophic

Front 11

Autotrophic

Back 11

An organism that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as its principal carbon source, chemoautotroph, photoautotroph

Front 12

Chemotrophic

Back 12

An organism that uses oxidation-reduction reactions as it primary energy source

Front 13

Define Algae

Back 13

-Photosynthetic eukaryotes
-Sexual or asexual reproduction
-Carbohydrate cell wall called cellulose

Front 14

Define Viruses

Back 14

-Usually visualized with an electron microscope (B&W image only)
-ACELLULAR
-Considered to be living when multiplying within a host, and are therefore parasitic
-Outside of a host= not living ≠ dead

Front 15

2 major groups of parasitic worms

Back 15

Flatworms Roundworms
-Planarians -Helminths

Front 16

Robert Hooke

Back 16

-Used compound microscope to observed a thin slice of cork (viewed large cells)
-Beginning of the cell theory,
All living things are composed of cells

Front 17

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 17

-credited with seeing microorganisms
-“animalcules” were seen with a simple, single lens microscope
-Drew what we now see as bacteria or protozoa

Front 18

Spontaneous Generation

Back 18

HYPOTHESIS that forms of life could arise out of nonliving matter

Front 19

Francesco Redi

Back 19

demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat

Front 20

Which group of microbes are prokaryotes? which are eukaryotes?

Back 20

Bacteria & Archaea are prokaryotes.

Fungi, Protozoa & Algae are eukaryotes.

Front 21

What is the cell theory?

Back 21

All living things are composed of cells.

Front 22

What is spontaneous generation?

Back 22

hypothesis that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

Front 23

John Needham

Back 23

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

Front 24

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Back 24

repeated Needham's experiments and suggested that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth. However, some people argued that by sealing his flasks he kept the necessary "vital force" away from the broth.

Front 25

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

Back 25

showed the importance of oxygen to life

Front 26

Rudolf Virchow

Back 26

challenged spontaneous generation with “Biogenesis,” the idea that living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

Front 27

Louis Pasteur

Back 27

Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

-Microbial life can be destroyed by heat
-Certain methods can inhibit microorganism growth
-Led to development of aseptic techniques

Front 28

Joseph Lister

Back 28

introduced the use of a disinfectant (phenol or carbolic acid) to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans

Front 29

Robert Koch

Back 29

-Proved that microorganisms cause disease
-Discovered Bacillus anthracis in cattle

Front 30

Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 30

demonstrated that physicians who did not disinfect their hands transmitted infections (puerperal, or child-birth, fever) from one obstetrical patient to another.

Front 31

Edward Jenner

Back 31

developed a smallpox vaccination

Front 32

Paul Erlich

Back 32

"magic bullet,” treatment to hunt down a particular pathogen without harming the host
Chemotherapy:
Salvarsan(arsenic) was used to treat syphilis

-before this discovery, the only known chemical in Europe's medical arsenal was quinine to treat malaria

Front 33

Alexander Fleming

Back 33

observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin.

Front 34

What is the down side to antibiotics?

Back 34

toxicity and resistance

Front 35

Heide Schulz

Back 35

discovered a bacterium large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, Thiomargarita namibiensis.

Front 36

Rebecca Lancefield

Back 36

identification of pathogenic streptococci (strep throat test used today)

Front 37

Wendell Stanley

Back 37

demonstrated that the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was fundamentally different from other microbes

Front 38

Resolution or resolving power

Back 38

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure

Front 39

Refractive index

Back 39

(measure of light-bending ability of a medium) is the same for immersion oil and the glass microscope slide.

Front 40

Darkfield Microscopy

Back 40

-Used to examine live microorganisms that cannot be seen under the light or by staining, also staining may distort desired characteristics
-Specimen appears light against dark background

Front 41

Edward Jenner

Back 41

developed a smallpox vaccination

Front 42

Paul Erlich

Back 42

"magic bullet,” treatment to hunt down a particular pathogen without harming the host
Chemotherapy:
Salvarsan(arsenic) was used to treat syphilis

-before this discovery, the only known chemical in Europe's medical arsenal was quinine to treat malaria

Front 43

Alexander Fleming

Back 43

observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin.

Front 44

What is the down side to antibiotics?

Back 44

toxicity and resistance

Front 45

Heide Schulz

Back 45

discovered a bacterium large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, Thiomargarita namibiensis.

Front 46

Rebecca Lancefield

Back 46

identification of pathogenic streptococci (strep throat test used today)

Front 47

Wendell Stanley

Back 47

demonstrated that the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was fundamentally different from other microbes

Front 48

Resolution or resolving power

Back 48

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail and structure

Front 49

Refractive index

Back 49

(measure of light-bending ability of a medium) is the same for immersion oil and the glass microscope slide.

Front 50

Darkfield Microscopy

Back 50

-Used to examine live microorganisms that cannot be seen under the light or by staining, also staining may distort desired characteristics
-Specimen appears light against dark background

Front 51

What is the cell theory?

Back 51

All living things are composed of cells.

Front 52

What is spontaneous generation?

Back 52

hypothesis that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

Front 53

John Needham

Back 53

claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

Front 54

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Back 54

repeated Needham's experiments and suggested that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth. However, some people argued that by sealing his flasks he kept the necessary "vital force" away from the broth.

Front 55

Anton Laurent Lavoisier

Back 55

showed the importance of oxygen to life

Front 56

Rudolf Virchow

Back 56

challenged spontaneous generation with “Biogenesis,” the idea that living cells can arise only from preexisting cells

Front 57

Louis Pasteur

Back 57

Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

-Microbial life can be destroyed by heat
-Certain methods can inhibit microorganism growth
-Led to development of aseptic techniques

Front 58

Joseph Lister

Back 58

introduced the use of a disinfectant (phenol or carbolic acid) to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans

Front 59

Robert Koch

Back 59

-Proved that microorganisms cause disease
-Discovered Bacillus anthracis in cattle

Front 60

Ignaz Semmelweis

Back 60

demonstrated that physicians who did not disinfect their hands transmitted infections (puerperal, or child-birth, fever) from one obstetrical patient to another.