Microbiology Test Ii

Front 1

how do antivirals work?

Back 1

they prevent the virus from attatching to the host cell

Front 2

a_ is an obligatory parasite, meaning what?

Back 2

virus

they require living host cells in order to multiply

Front 3

viruses can/are?

Back 3

1. contain either DNA or RNA
2. has a protein coat
3. multiply inside cells by using the cells machinery
4. can make the infected cell produce other viruses or incorporate their own DNA/RNA into the host cells DNA/RNA

Front 4

viruses aren't/can't?

Back 4

1. are not living things
2. can't carry on metabolism no ATP

Front 5

what is a host range?

Back 5

the spectrum of hosts the virus can infect

Front 6

a virus that infects an animal cell infects a human cell

likely/not likely?

Back 6

not likely

they usually like one specific type of host cell

Front 7

an infected bacteria is called?

Back 7

bacteriaphage

Front 8

what 2 factors determine host range?

Back 8

1. the virus's requirement for attatchment to the host cell

2. the needed factors within the the potential host cell for viral multiplication

Front 9

what is the range of viral sizes?

Back 9

20-1000nm

nm: 1 billionth of a meter

Front 10

what is phage therapy?

Back 10

using bacteriaphages to treat bacterial infections

ex. using bacteriaphages to attack a tumor

Front 11

a complete, developed infectious virulant particle with a nucleid acid surrounded by a protein coat is called?

Back 11

a Viron

Front 12

the protein coat that covers a a virus is called?

Back 12

a caspid

the mass of a virus is mainly determined by the caspid

Front 13

the protein subunits that compose each caspid

Back 13

caspomeres

the arrangement of caspomeres is characterized by the type of virus.

Front 14

can a virus have both types of nucleic acids?

Back 14

no, only one type per virus

Front 15

give 3 different types of viral shapes?

Back 15

helical, polyhedral, complex

Front 16

give an example of an enveloped virus

Back 16

influenza

Front 17

describe the shape of a helical virus and give an example of a virus with this shape

Back 17

coiled

ebola

Front 18

describe the shape of a complex virus and give an example of a virus with this shape

Back 18

polyhedral head
helical sheath
base plate on bottom with tail fibers and pins sticking out

Front 19

viruses are grouped into families based on what 3 factors?

Back 19

1. dna or rna type (ds or ss)
2. how they divide
3. shape
(morphology)

Front 20

The taxomy (naming) of viruses
1. order: ends in __?
2. family: ends in __?
3. genus: ends in __?
4. species share __ and __

Back 20

1. -ales
2. virdae
3. virus
4. genetic info and host range

Front 21

what is the end result for the host cell in a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle?

Back 21

lytic- the host cell dies (lysis)

lysogenic- host cell stays alive

Front 22

what are the 5 stages involved in viral multiplication?

Back 22

1. attatchment: phage attatches to host cell

2. penetration: phage penetrate host cell and injects DNA

3. biosynthesis: phage directs synthesis of viral copents by the host cell

4. maturation: viral coponents are assembles into virons

5. release: host cell lyses and new virons are released

Front 23

viruses that multiply in a lytic cycle are ___.

Back 23

infecting/virulent

Front 24

viruses that multiply in a lysogenic cylce are ___.

Back 24

hybernating/latent

Front 25

vruses that multiply in either a lytic or lysogenic cycle are?

Back 25

temperate

Front 26

when the DNA of the host cell and viral cells combine it is now called a ?

Back 26

prophage

Front 27

thru what method does a cell divide in the lysogenic cycle?

Back 27

binary fission

Front 28

3 important results of lysogeny:

1. host cell is now _ to reinfection of the same phage.

2. the host cell may exhibit new properties, this is called _ _ ?

3. only certain bacterial genes are transferred, this is called _ _?

Back 28

1. immune
2. phage conversion
3. specialized transduction

Front 29

how is the penetration stage in the multipliction of animal viruses different?

Back 29

the phage is taken into the cell by endocytosis or fusion

Front 30

what step is added into the multiplication of animal viruses?

Back 30

uncoating: the viron is taken inside the cell and the protein coat seperated

Front 31

how is the release stage in the multiplication of animal viruses different?

Back 31

the new virons are either released by:

1. budding (enveloped viruses)
part of the plasma mebrane is picked up as they leave

OR

2. rupture

Front 32

what is a genome?

Back 32

the sum total of a DNA in an organism

Front 33

what are the 6 steps in the multiplication of animal viruses?

Back 33

1. attatchment
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. biosynthesis
5. maturation
6. release

Front 34

this viral family is responsible for respiratory infections

Back 34

adenoviridae

Front 35

this viral family is responsible for smallpox/cowpox

Back 35

poxviridae

Front 36

this viral family is responsible for chicken pox, cold sores and mono

Back 36

herpesviridae

Front 37

this viral family is responsible for hepB and liver tumors

Back 37

hepdanaviridae

Front 38

this viral family is responsible for wart and inducing tumors

Back 38

papovaviridae

Front 39

T or F: Viruses must convert DNA into RNA and they have specialized enzymes to do this

Back 39

False:

viruses ust convert RNA into DNA

Front 40

This RNA viral family is responsible for polio and is the smallest virus

Back 40

picornaviridae

ssRNA: pico "small"

Front 41

This RNA viral family is responsible for rabies

Back 41

rhabdoviridae

remember rhab: rabbit: rabies

Front 42

give an example of an illness produced by the RNA family retroviridae

Back 42

HIV

Front 43

what is the name of the enzyme retroviridae carry to make dsDNA?

Back 43

reverse transcriptase

Front 44

what is the difference between a provirus and a prophage? what does this mean for a provirus?

Back 44

unlike a prophage the provirus never comes out of the chromosome

as a provirus HIV is protected from the hosts immune system and antiviral drugs

Front 45

cancer causing alterations to cellular DNA affect parts of th genome called?

Back 45

onconogenes

think oncology: the study of cancer

Front 46

about __% of cancers are known to be virus induced?

Back 46

10

Front 47

an infection aquired after a virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods is called? examples?

Back 47

latent infection

examples: cold sores, shingles

Front 48

a disease process that occurs over a long period and is generally fatal. examples?

Back 48

persistant viral infection

examples:measles virus

Front 49

an infectious protein inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant and surgical instruments

Back 49

prions (non living)

Front 50

examples of diseases brought on by prions

Back 50

mad cow, sheep scrapie

Front 51

normal cellular prion protein

Back 51

PrPc

Front 52

abnormal cellular prion protein

Back 52

PrPSc

Front 53

what is the difference between a provirus and a prophage? what does this mean for a provirus?

Back 53

unlike a prophage the provirus never comes out of the chromosome

as a provirus HIV is protected from the hosts immune system and antiviral drugs

Front 54

cancer causing alterations to cellular DNA affect parts of th genome called?

Back 54

onconogenes

think oncology: the study of cancer

Front 55

about __% of cancers are known to be virus induced?

Back 55

10

Front 56

an infection aquired after a virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods is called? examples?

Back 56

latent infection

examples: cold sores, shingles

Front 57

a disease process that occurs over a long period and is generally fatal. examples?

Back 57

persistant viral infection

examples:measles virus

Front 58

an infectious protein inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant and surgical instruments

Back 58

prions (non living)

Front 59

examples of diseases brought on by prions

Back 59

mad cow, sheep scrapie

Front 60

normal cellular prion protein

Back 60

PrPc

Front 61

abnormal cellular prion protein

Back 61

PrPSc

Front 62

1. the study of disease
2. study of cause of disease
3. development of disease
4. colonization of the body by pathogens
5. an abnormal state in hich the body is not funtioning normaly

Back 62

1. pathology
2. etiology
3. pathogenesis
4. infection
5. disease

Front 63

microbiota that may be present for days, weeks or months

Back 63

transient microbiota

Front 64

microbiota that peranently colonize the host

Back 64

normal microbiota

Front 65

the relationship between the host and normal microbiota

Back 65

symbiosis

Front 66

Kochs postulates are used to prove what?

Back 66

used to prove the cause of a infectious disease

Front 67

a change in body function that is felt by th patient as a result of disease

Back 67

symptom

Front 68

microbes that don't normally cause disease in their normal habitat but may if introduced into a different environment

Back 68

opportunistic pathogens

ex. e coli

Front 69

if 1 organism benefits and the other is unaffecteced it's called?

Back 69

commensalism

Front 70

if both organisms benefit its called?

Back 70

mutalism

think mutual

Front 71

if one organism benefits at the expense of another its called?

Back 71

parasitism

Front 72

give some examples of where normal microbiota would be found on the body

Back 72

mouth, large intestines, skin, eyes

Front 73

competition among microbes is called?

Back 73

microbial antagonism

Front 74

give 3 ways normal microbiota protect the host

Back 74

1. occupy "real estate" so there no room for pathogens

2. produce acids

3. produce bacteriocins

Front 75

diseases that spread from one host to another is called?

examples?

Back 75

communicable diseases


chicken pox, measles genital herpes

Front 76

diseases that easily spread from one host to another are called?

examples?

Back 76

contagious diseases

ex chicken pox, measles

Front 77

diseases that aren't transmitted from one host to another are called?

Back 77

noncommunicable diseases

Front 78

fraction of a population that contracts a disease durig a specific time

Back 78

incidence

Front 79

fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Back 79

prevalence

Front 80

disease that occurs occaionaly in a population

Back 80

sporadic disease

Front 81

disease constantly present in a population

Back 81

endemic disease

Front 82

disease aquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Back 82

epidemic disease

Front 83

worldwide epidmeic

Back 83

pandemic disease

Front 84

immunity in most of a population

Back 84

herd immunity

Front 85

symptoms develop rapidly

Back 85

acute disease

Front 86

disease develops slowly

Back 86

chronic disease

Front 87

symptoms are between acute and chronic

Back 87

subacute disease

Front 88

disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive

Back 88

latent disease

Front 89

when pathogens are limited to a small area of th body

Back 89

local infection

Front 90

an infecton throughout the body

Back 90

systemic infection

Front 91

systemic infection that began as a local infection

Back 91

focal infection

Front 92

bacteria in the blood

Back 92

bacteremia

Front 93

growth of bacteria in the blood

Back 93

septicemia

Front 94

toxins in the blood

Back 94

toxemia

Front 95

viruses in the blood

Back 95

viremia

Front 96

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Back 96

primary infection

Front 97

opportunistic infection after a primary infection

Back 97

seondary infection

Front 98

no noticeable signs or symptoms

Back 98

subclinical disease

Front 99

what are some factors (predisposing)that makes the body more susceptible to a disease?

Back 99

1. age
2. lifestyle
3. fatigue
4. inherited traits (ex. sickle cell)
5. short urethra in females
6. climate and weather
7. chemotherapy

Front 100

know the stages of disease!!

1st stage: no signs or symptoms (short)

2nd stage: mild signs or symptoms (short)

3rd stage: most severe signs or symptoms (long)

4th stage: signs and symptoms

5th stage: body regains strength

Back 100

1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. period of illness
4. period of decline
5. period of convelescence

Front 101

provides a pathogen with conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission

Back 101

reservois of infection

Front 102

give some examples of diseases passed by humans as a result of reservois of infection within the host

Back 102

AIDS, gonnorrhea

Front 103

give some examples of diseases passed by animals as a result of reservois of infections within the host

Back 103

rabies, lyme disease

Front 104

diseases that occur mainly in animals but can be transmitted to humans are called?

Back 104

zoonoses

Front 105

2 major non-living reservoirs of infetious diseases are:

Back 105

soil and water

Front 106

give examples of diseases found on non lving reservois of infection (fomites- inatimate objects)

Back 106

botulism, tetaus

Front 107

contact transmission that is known as "person to person"
transmission

Back 107

direct transmission

Front 108

contact transmission that is spread by fomites

Back 108

indirect transmission

Front 109

contact transmission via airborne droplets

Back 109

droplet transmission

Front 110

transmission of disease agents by a medium such as food, water, blood, bodily fluids or air

Back 110

vehicle transmission

Front 111

if droplets travel in dust more than 1 meter from reservoir to host is it called airborne transmission or droplet transmission?

Back 111

airborne

ex measles, tb, streptococci

Front 112

animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

what animals are the most important of this group?

Back 112

vectors

anthropods

Front 113

when anthropods (vectors) transmit disease passively on their feet or other body parts it's called?

Back 113

mechanical transmission

Front 114

when anthropods (vectors) transmit disease actively after pathogens have reproduced INSIDE the vector

ex. biting, defacating, vomitting

Back 114

biological transmission

Front 115

infections acquired as a result of hospital stay

Back 115

nosocomial infection

Front 116

what percentage of hospital patients aquire nosocomial infections?

Back 116

5-15%

Front 117

what group of bacteria make up the largest group of nosocomial infections?

Back 117

gram + cocci : staph/strep

Front 118

what is the most common nosocomial infection caught at the hospital?

Back 118

urinary tract infections

Front 119

diseases that are new, increasing in incidence or showing the pottential to increase in the future

Back 119

emerging infectious diseases

Front 120

according to the CDC this is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection

Back 120

hand washing

Front 121

give some factors and exaples of factors that contribut to the emergence of new infectious diseases:

Back 121

1. mutation: vibro cholerae

2. inapropriate use of antibiotics: antibiotic resistnt strains

3. changes in weather patterns: hantavirus-mouse dropping being blown around/tornado

4. modern transporation: west nile

5. natural disaster, war: coccidioidomycosis: cali/ earthquakes

6. animal control measures: overpolpulation of deer/lyme disease

7. failures in public health: public not vaccinated/diptheria

Front 122

the study of where and when diseases occur

Back 122

epidemiology

Front 123

this person mapped the occurence of cholera in London

this collection and analysis of data regarding occurence of disease is called?

Back 123

Snow 1848-1849

Descriptive eidemiology

Front 124

this person showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal fever

this study of a disease using controlled experiments

Back 124

Semmelweis 1846-1848

experimental epidemiology

Front 125

this person showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epedemic typhus

comparison of diseased group and a healthy group is called

Back 125

Nightingale 1858

analytical epidemiology

Front 126

health care workers report specifed disease to local, state and national offices

Back 126

case reporting

Front 127

physicians are required to report incidence

Back 127

nationally notifiable disease

Front 128

the CDC (centers for disease control and prevention
) is responsible for what 2 things?

Back 128

1. collecting and analyzing epidemiological info in the US

2. publishing a morbidity and mortality weekly report o cdc.gov

Front 129

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

Back 129

morbidity

Front 130

deaths from notifiable diseases

Back 130

mortality

Front 131

# of people affected in a given time period

Back 131

morbidity rate

Front 132

# of deaths from a disease/total population in a given time

Back 132

mortality rate

Front 133

the ability to cause disease

Back 133

pathogenicity

Front 134

the extent of pathogenicity; the more inclined it is to cause disease

Back 134

virulence

Front 135

what are the principal portals of entry and give examples of each

Back 135

1. mucous membranes: "any opening"respiratory tract (#1)

2. skin: broken/cuts

3. parenteral route: injections/mosquito bites
3. nose
4. throat

Front 136

the virulence of a microbe is expressed as what formula/#

Back 136

ID
50
represents the infectious dose for 50% of the population

Front 137

of bacillus anthracis, which portal of entry is most lethal?

Back 137

inhalation

Front 138

the poteny of a toxin is expressed by what formula/#

Back 138

LD
50

represents a lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of the population

Front 139

this outside cover represents a way bacteria avoid the immune system ad increases the virulence in some species

example of a bacteria with this mechanism

Back 139

glycocalyx: streptooccus mutans-dental carries(plaque)

Front 140

a heat and acid resistant substance on the cell surface that allow it to stick and contribute to its virulence

example of bacteria with this mechanism

Back 140

m protein: streptococcus pyogenes

Front 141

name 3 different defenses the body uses to prevent pathogens from sticking

Back 141

mucus: trap
cilia: move along/sweep
saliva

Front 142

projection pathogens use for motility and helps it ashere to host cells

examples of bacteria with this mechanism

Back 142

fimbrae: escherichia coli

Front 143

outter protein like fimbrae used for attatchment/adherence to host cells

example of bacteria with this mechanism

Back 143

opa protein:neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 144

this type of end may be present on bactria allowing them to stick, increasing its virulence

example of a bacteria with this type of mechanism

Back 144

tapered end: treponema pallidum

Front 145

the virulence of some bacteria is aided by the release of _

Back 145

enzymes

Front 146

enzyme secreted to coagulate blood

Back 146

coagulase

Front 147

enzyme secreted to digest fibrin clots

Back 147

kinases

Front 148

enzyme that hydrolyses hlyaluronic acid

breakdown of CT

Back 148

hyaluronidase

Front 149

enyme that hydrolyzes collagen

breakdown protein in CT

Back 149

ollagenase

Front 150

enzyme that destroys IgA antibodies

Back 150

IgA proteases

Front 151

enzyme that takes iron from host binding proteins

Back 151

Siderophores

Front 152

enzyme that change surface proteins

Back 152

antigenic variation

Front 153

substances that contribute to pathogenicity

Back 153

toxin

Front 154

the ability to produce a toxin

Back 154

toxigenicity

Front 155

presence of toxins in a hosts blood

Back 155

toxemia

Front 156

inactivated toxin used in a vaccin

Back 156

toxoid

Front 157

antibodies against a specific toxin

Back 157

antitoxin

Front 158

where would you find endotoxins located on:
1. gram - bacteria
2. gram + bacteria

Back 158

1. part of the outer cell wall
2. produced inside

Front 159

gram - poison released when a cell is destroyed

Back 159

endotoxin

Front 160

gram - endotoxin is a protein or a fat? what is its name?

Back 160

a fat, lipd A

Front 161

can a endotoxin be neutralized by an antitoxin?

Back 161

no

Front 162

the LD50 for endotoxins is
large or small?

Back 162

large, need alot for 50% of the population to get sick

Front 163

a macrophage will release __ if it ingests lipid A, this will signal the brain to reset the body's thermostat resulting in fever

Back 163

cytokins

Front 164

gram + poison released as a metabolic byproduct when the bacteria dies

Back 164

exotoxin

Front 165

an AB exotoxins is what type of toxin?

Back 165

type III

Front 166

exotoxins are composed of fat or protein?

Back 166

protein

Front 167

does the release of exotoxins induce fever?

Back 167

no

Front 168

what is the LD50 of an exotoxin?

Back 168

small amount needed to make 50% of the population get sick

Front 169

in an AB toxin, the "A" component disrupts what?

the "B" component allows what?

Back 169

protein synthesis

entry

Front 170

superantigen exotoxins are what type of toxin?

Back 170

type I

Front 171

this exotin stimulates the host cell to over produce cytokins and cause an intense immune response, including fever, nausea, diarrhea, shock and death

Back 171

type I

Front 172

this exotoxin type that disrupts host cell membranes (pokes holes in it)causing the cell to lyse

Back 172

type II

Front 173

give some portals of exit for bacteria

Back 173

skin
blood
resp tract-coughing/sneezing
gasto tract-feces/saliva
gen tract-urine/vaginal

Front 174

these cells defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to antigens (tagging them) making them easier for phagocytes to find and eat

Back 174

B cells

Front 175

2 most important leukocytes

Back 175

neutrophils and monocytes:macrophages

Front 176

a foreign substance whose surface molecules are different fro your own cells
"non-self markers"

Back 176

antigens

Front 177

microorganism capable of producing disease;

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and parasites

Back 177

pathogens

Front 178

what is the difference between neutrophils and basophils?

Back 178

neutrophils dies after phagocytosis

Front 179

non specific defense mechanisms are called __; these are your first and second line of defense aka "barriers"

Back 179

inate

Front 180

intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions and normal microbiota represents your __ line of defense (1st,2nd,3rd)

Back 180

first

Front 181

natural killer cells, phagocytic WBC's (neutrophils and basophils), antimicrobial proteins fever and the inflammatory response represents your __ line of defense (1st,2nd,3rd)

Back 181

Second

Front 182

specialized Lymphocytes (T and B cells),antibodies, memory cell production represents your __ line of defense (1st,2nd,3rd)

Back 182

Third

Front 183

B cells ad T cells are part of your 2nd line of defense T or F?

Back 183

False: Third

Front 184

What are the 4 signs of inflammation? SRHP

Back 184

swelling, redness, heat,pain

Front 185

these cells produce histamines

Back 185

basophils

Front 186

these cells defened against intracellular pathogens and cancer by binding to and lysing infected cells including cancer

Back 186

T cells

Front 187

killer cells that work by punching holes in the plasm membrane of the pthogenic cell

Back 187

cytotoxic cells

Front 188

the __ becomes an antigen presenting cell that presents the antigen to the __ (general) who stimulates either a B or T cell

Back 188

macrophage

helper t cell

Front 189

Tc cells are __ T cells
Th cells are __ T cells
Ts cells are __ T cells

Back 189

cytotoxic
helper
supressor

Front 190

these cells make antibodies for a specific antigen and will recognize it if reintroduced

Back 190

Memory B and T cells

Front 191

defends against extracellular pathogens (interstitial fluid typhatic system, bloodstream)

Back 191

B cells

Front 192

defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer

Back 192

T cells

Front 193

which cell is damaged/missing by HIV that makes it so deadly?

Back 193

helper T cells

Front 194

this type of adaptive immunity occurs when a perosn makes their own antibodies

(prior illness, vaccine)

Back 194

active

Front 195

type of adaptive immunity that occurs when antibodies are given to a person

(breastmilk, antibody serum)

Back 195

passive