Microbiology Test #4 Occ Wujek

Front 1

How can you tell if you have Staphylococcal Food Poisoning or Salmonella Food Infection?

Back 1

-Salmonella Food Infection: symptoms appear within 1-6 hrs. of Ingestion

-Staphylococcal Food Poisoning: symptoms appear within 8-48 hrs. of ingestion

Food Infection includes a fever

Food Poisoning does not

Front 2

What is the difference between Salmonella Food Infection and Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Back 2

"The Causative Agent is ALWAYS the difference"

Food poisoning = ingestion of an bacteria exotoxin produced by the Staphylococcus

Food Infection = Salmonella bacteria

Front 3

How is Typhoid Fever transmitted and how can transmission be prevented?

Back 3

Transmission:
- Food and water contaminated with urine or feces
- Asymptomatic carriers
Prevention:
- Vaccine
- Good sanitation/hygiene
- Isolation

Front 4

How can Botulism be transmitted?

Back 4

Ingestion of improperly prepared foods

Front 5

What is the cause agent of Botulinal Food Poisoning? (aka Botulism)

Back 5

The ingestion of a neurotoxin produced by clostridium Botulinum

Front 6

What techniques are used to prevent the transmission of Botulism?

Back 6

- properly processing foods
- Inspecting packaged foods
- boiling suspected foods for 10 min. destroys the toxin

Front 7

The disease known as ___________ is systemic and if left untreated it can cause respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure which will result in death.

Back 7

Botulism

Front 8

What prevention techniques can be used,if your water supply is suspected to be contaminated, in order to make your water safe to ingest?

Back 8

Boiling water for a 1/2 hr. will deactivate any possible toxins of Staphylococcus

Front 9

What is the reservoir that most often causes the transmission of Staphylococcal food poisoning?

Back 9

food prepared without prevention control by someone with an infected wound / lesion / cut

Front 10

Name 3 reservoirs for Salmonella

Back 10

- Humans
- animals used for food
- unnoticed cracked eggs
- Reptiles and turtles

Front 11

What similar treatments are used for both Salmonella Septicemia and Salmonella Food poisoning?

Back 11

- non specific
- re-hydration
- treament to help symptoms

Front 12

What type of treatments are used for Typhoid Fever?

Back 12

- ABC (antibiotic of choice)
- re-hydration
- non-specific

Front 13

Methods for Salmonella transmission prevention

Back 13

- personal hygiene
- food refrigeration
- Thoroughly cooking food
- Examine the animals to be used for food

Front 14

This infectious disease invades the bloodstream and results in abscesses. It can also systemically lead to other bacterial infections such as endocarditis, meningitis, nephritis, arthritis, pneumonia, etc.

Back 14

Salmonella Septicemia

Front 15

What are symptoms related to Typhoid Fever?

Back 15

- gradually increased fever to 104 deg.
- nausea/vomiting
- Constipation/diarrhea
- Pulmonary distress
- Delirium when case is severe

Front 16

This digestive born bacterial infection/disease will always infect the gallbladder when it has become systemic. This disease will also stay in the gallbladder creating an asymptomatic carrier.

Back 16

Typhoid Fever

Front 17

Name several diseases caused from a bacterial infection ingested via Alimentary Portal.
(Name several digestive born bacterial infections)

Back 17

- Typhoid Fever
- Salmonella
- Botulism
- Cholera
- Shigellosis
- Brucellosis

Front 18

Life Cycle of Nematode Disease:

Ascariasis (largest of roundworms)

Back 18

--> Egg Ingested by animal (via contaminated soils)

--> Larvae hatch in duodenum and enter the bloodstream

-->bloodstream carries larvae to the lungs and coughing brings up the larvae to be swallowed and again digested

--> end up in the small intestines where the larvae mature and reproduce more eggs to be released with the feces

---> ingestion cycle repeats

Front 19

Treatment for Ascariasis

Back 19

chemical ingestion causing major parastalsis to the nematode allowing them to be contracted out like a bowel movement

Front 20

What disease is the most severe enteric disease?

Back 20

Typhoid Fever

Front 21

Life Cycle of Nematode Disease:

Thrichinosis ( roundworm smaller than a pinworm)

Back 21

Process begins within the muscle of the host where the larvae mature into the infective stage

--> The infected host is used as food consumption for carnivores or omnivores and may possibly be improperly cooked

--> the muscle meat is digested and the larvae enter the small intestine penetrating through the tissues to grow to sexual maturity and thus..repeating the cycle

Front 22

What type of outbreaks are common with refugee's?

Back 22

Typhoid Fever, Shigellosis, Cholera

Front 23

What are preventions taken for food borne or digestive born diseases?

Back 23

- Pasteurizing
- Proper personal hygiene techniques
- thoroughly cooking foods
- proper refrigeration of foods
- drinking water treatment/boiling for 1/2 hr.
- proper body waste disposal
- vaccines
- isolation
- Identification of asymptomatic carriers
- proper canned good inspection of botulism (looking for domed lids = methane gas produced by anaerobic botulism organism)

Front 24

cause agent:
- Shigella dysenteriae exotoxin (localized lg. intestinal infection)

symptoms include:
- nausea/vomiting
- diarrhea
- cramping
- fever

Treatments include:
- ABC (antibiotic of choice)
- re-hydration

Primarily found in humans (reservoir/host)

It can be transmitted:
- fomites or water contaminated by fecal matter
- fecal matter having a direct oral route
prevented control:
- good sanitation techniques,
- proper hygiene of food handlers
- proper sewage disposal/control
- isolation

Back 24

Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery)

Front 25

The #1 cause agent for Enteric Diseases; Digestive born Disorders is:
- Salmonella

Symptoms include:
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Dysentery (blood, mucus or puss in the stool)
- Dehydration (result of the diarrhea and vomiting

Digestive Born Disorders are transmitted:
- Improperly prepared/stored foods
- fomites
- contaminated w/ infected urine and feces

Treatments for Enteric Diseases include:
- ABC
- Re-hydration
- Non-specific

Back 25

Enteric Diseases:

- Digestive Born Disorders

Front 26

What is the #1 cause of Digestive Born Disorders?

Back 26

Salmonella

Front 27

3 Parasitic Infections by Ingestion
(Nematode Diseases)

Back 27

1.) Enterobiasis (pin worms)
~ cause agent: Enterobius vermicularis

2.) Ascariasis (largest roundworm)
~ CA: Ascaris lumbricoides

3.) Trichinosis (roundworm smaller than a pin worm)
~ CA: Trichinella spiralis minute

Front 28

What type of symptoms would be expected from a digestive born Parasitic Infection?

Back 28

- Peri-anal itching
- Insomnia / restlessness
- during host sleep/rest the female nematode exits the anus to lay eggs then retracts to continue fertilization

Front 29

What treatment measures are taken for someone found to have a digestive born parasitic infection? Also, what preventative measures are taken to stop the infection from spreading?

Back 29

If diagnosed with a parasitic worm ( nematode disease) treatment includes:
- Chemotherapy ( use of a chemical to cause peristalsis of the nematode/roundworm) the nematode is then extracted through bowl movement

Preventing/control the spread/transmission includes:
- Proper personal hygiene techniques
- Proper sewage disposal and sanitary measures
- (if a positive diagnosis) combined with the administered chemotherapy treatment, is the proper disinfection of all household items suspected of contamination/fomite contact transference

Front 30

3 Cestode diseases caused by digestive born parasitic infections

3 Parasitic Infections by Ingestion
- Cestode Diseases (tapeworms)

Back 30

1.) Taeniasis (beef/pork tapeworm)
~ CA: Taenia saginata (beef)
or Taenia solium (pork)

2.) Diphyllobothriasis (fish tapeworm)
~ CA: Diphyllobothrium latum (characterized by a head/scolex and ova-containing segments called proglottids)

3.) Echinococcosis (dog tapeworm)
~ CA: Echinococcus granulosus ( small tapeworm w/ only 4 segments)

Front 31

What are the 2 types of Viral Hepatitis and how are they different besides the cause agent?

Back 31

Type I: Infectious Hepatitis, CA: Hepatitis A Virus(HAV)
~ transmitted though food/food born
~ incubation period = 10-50 days

Type II: Serum Hepatitis, CA: Hepatitis B Virus(HBV)
~ transmitted through blood/blood born pathogen
~ incubation period = 30-180+ days

Front 32

What are 2 treatments used for both Hepatitis A and B?

Back 32

- Bed rest
- non-specific measures (soup,jello,antacids,ibuprofen/asprin)

Front 33

What symptoms would be expected of someone diagnosed with HAV or HBV? How would you know which virus caused the infection?

Back 33

symptoms for both HAV and HBV include:
- fever
- nausea/vomiting
- anorexia & malaise leading to jaundice
- Bile in the urine (very foamy/dark/cloudy)
- enlargement of the liver (possibly liver damage after recovery)
- pale gray feces

In order to know which virus caused the infection:
- clinical history (investigating past activities for suspected transmission resulting the infection)
- clinical symptoms
- Immune Electron Microscopy of a stool specimen if testing for HAV
- a urological test wing HBV surface antigen is used to test for the Hepatitis B virus (a negative result not eliminate a possible infection)

Front 34

How is HBV transmitted?

Back 34

Reservoirs for both HBV and HAV are humans and some other primates. HBV is specifically transmitted by:
- Being injected with 'anything' contaminated with HBV blood
- The HBV must somehow come in direct contact with your blood or body fluid and enter your body via bloodstream

Front 35

How is HAV transmitted?

Back 35

HAV is easier to transmit than HBV by:
- direct contact
- contaminated water
- contaminated food and fomites

Front 36

What type of precautions and techniques should be used to prevent possible transmission of HBV?

Back 36

preventative measures for HBV:
- Identification of an infectious person
- Proper sterilization of medical/surgical instruments
- Vaccine

Front 37

What type of precautions and techniques should be used to prevent possible transmission of HAV?

Back 37

Preventative measures used for HAV:
- Identification of infectious persons (primarily food handlers and medical personal)
- gamma globulin prophylaxis vaccine

Front 38

What is the disease and it's cause agent that is a result of ingesting fecal matter directly or indirectly via contamination? This cause agent is always in the feces of all warm blooded animals.

Back 38

Diarrhea in newborn nurseries:

- also identified as: Travelers Diarrhea and Montezuma's Revenge

CA: Escherichia coli
(enteropathic strains of E. coli that produce enterotoxins)

Front 39

- Preventative measures to the transmission of E. coli (Escherichia coli)

- Treatment for the infected

Back 39

- Proper personal hygiene techniques
- Properly sanitation techniques
- Isolation
- proper cleaning/drying of the perianal area ( always moving from front to the back)

E. coli treatment includes:
- ABC
- re-hydration
- non-specific, symptom treatments

Front 40

E. coli symptoms

Back 40

- severe watery diarrhea
- localized intestinal infection of newborns epidemic within the hospital
- highly fatal for newborns

Front 41

The Ingestion of non pasteurized dairy products of cattle, sheep, goats and horses carrying the cause agent ____(1)_____, will result in _____(2)_______and these symptoms:
- Muscle aches
- Increased weakness
- stiffness
- repeated attacks of chills, fever, night sweats
- chronic conditions include lesions of the reticular endothelial system, nerve damage and an illness lasting possible from weeks to months

Back 41

1.) CA = Brucella

2.) Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)

Front 42

Brucellosis preventative measures and treatments

Back 42

Prevention:
- domestic animal control (destroy infected)
- animal vaccinations
- dairy product pasteurization

Treatment:
- ABC for a 3 week minimum

Front 43

Infantile Paralysis

Back 43

Poliomyelitis

Front 44

- Name 3 causative agents/strains of the digestive born viral infection disease, Poliomyelitis

-specify different symptoms for each

Back 44

3 Poliovirus strains:
1.) Type I: Brunhilde strain
(aka Abortive Poliomyelitis)
~ Mild,non paralytic, gastro-intestinal infection
~ nausea/vomiting
~ fever
~ headache/drowsiness
~ uneventful and rapid recovery

2.) Type II: Lansing strain
~ meningitis like symptoms known as Aseptic meningitis
~ stiffness of the neck and back

3.) Type III: Leon strain (paralytic polio)
~ paralysis (usually lower limbs) following the symptoms of Type I & II (virus attacks motor neurons)
~ possible respiratory paralysis
~ very slow recovery often with permanent damage

Front 45

How can the Polio viruses be transmitted and what methods are used to prevent it?

Back 45

Transmission:
- ingesting fecal contaminated water
- inhalation of airborne droplets emitted by an infected person

Prevention:
- vaccine
- Salk-killed virus
- Sabin-oral attenuated

Front 46

What is the treatment for someone infected with Poliomyelitis?

Back 46

Non-specific treatment measures

Front 47

How are digestive born disorders spread?

Back 47

( 4 F's)
- Food
- Fomites
- Feces
- Flies

Front 48

Where are digestive born disorders typically acquired?

Back 48

- Restaraunts (40%)
- Nursing Homes (30%)
- Schools (12%)
- Vacation hot spots (10%)

Front 49

What are common refugee outbreaks of a digestive born disorder?
(Salmonella organism)

Back 49

- Typhoid Fever
- Shigellosis
- Cholera

Front 50

Why would someone have their Gallbladder removed after having Typhoid Fever?

Back 50

The gallbladder can carry the salmonella organism for a long period of time, resulting in an asymptomatic carrier

Front 51

Lamens terms:

- The 24 hr. flu

Back 51

Salmonella food infection/poisoning

Front 52

24 hr. flu that is not salmonella food infection/poisoning

Back 52

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Front 53

3 differences between Salmonella & Staphylococcal food poisoning

Back 53

1.) Causative agent
~ staphylococcus
~ salmonella

2.) Salmonella = food was infected prior to preparing it
Staphylococcal = food contaminated during preparation

3.) Salmonella symptoms occur approx. 24 hrs. later
Staphylococcal symptoms occur within a few hours

Front 54

What system is Botulism mostly systemic to?

Back 54

Nervous System

Front 55

Shigellosis

Back 55

Digestive born bacterial infection that is localized within the large intestine. Exotoxins increase symptom severity

Front 56

What treatments are there for someone infected with Brucellosis?

Back 56

- Tetracyclines
- Streptomycin administered for at least 3 weeks