Microbiology Test #4 (Epidemiology)

Front 1

"to live together"

Back 1

symbiosis

Front 2

3 types of symbiotic relationships and their defenition

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Mutualism- Both benefit from the relationship

Commenalism- One benefits and the other is indifferent to the relationship

Parasetism- one benefits and the other is harmed by the relationship

Front 3

Refers to the organisms that colonize the body's surfaces WITHOUT normally causing disease

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NORMAL mirobiota (or flora)

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two types of Normal microbiota include

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Resident microbiota and Transient microbiota

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Resident microbiota

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Are part of the normal microbiota throughout life (most are commensal- 1 benefit 1 indifferent)

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Transient microbiota

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Remain in the body for only hours to months (cannot persist on the body because of bodys defense and competition)

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Acquisiton of Normal Microbiota

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Usually begin during birth

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Oppurtunistic pathogens (what makes normal microbiota cause disease?)

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-Immunosuppresion (comprimised hosts)
- changes in relative abundance
- introduction to an unusual site on the body.

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True/False

Every orifice in the body contains micoroganisms.

Back 9

True

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4 main portals of entry

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-Skin
-Mucous Membranes
-Placenta
-Parenteral route

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How do pathogens cross the skin?

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Some can pass through openings or cuts and some can burrow beneath the skin and sweat glands. (ex- shistomonas and hookworm)

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Portal of entry- Mucous Membrane

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Lines all orifice to the body. Many pathogens can also survive the pH of the stomach.

moisture provides a sustainable environment for most microorganisms

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The most common site of entry for pathogens

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Respiratory tract (Mucous membrane)

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Portals of entry- Parenteral route

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When the skin is actually broken.

insect bites, injections/punctures, after surgery

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process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

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Adhesion

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What are the specialized structures that allow ADHESION

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Pilli, Fimbrae and Capsule.

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Adherence

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protein mediated adhesions

the surface lip(or glyco) proteins bind the the host cell receptor (ligands)

viruses use attachment proteins

bacteria have adhesins

Front 18

Attachment proteins (ligands) give rise to what

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the specificity of host cell target for the microbe to bind to.

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Infection vs Disease

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Infection- the INVASION of a host by a pathogen.

Disease- results only if the invading pathogen ALTERS THE NORMAL FUNCTIONS of the host.

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subjective characteristics of disease FELT ONLY BY THE PATIENT.

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Symptom

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objective manifestations of disease that can be OBSERVED BY OTHERS

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Sign

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group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

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Syndrome

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What does it mean to be asymptomatic?

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LACKING SYMPTOMS, however, infection MAY still be present.

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study of the causes of diseases

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Etiology

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Koch's Postulates (5 stages)

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Observation
Isolation
Innoculation
Reproduce infection
Reisolation

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Exceptions to disease classifications through Koch's Postulate

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- Some pathogens cant be cultured (virus, T. pallindum, M. leprea)
- some disease caused by multiple pathogen(S. aureus)
-Ethical considerations

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ABILITY of a microbe to cause disease

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Pathogenicity

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degree to which a microbe causes disease

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virulence

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4 factors affecting virulence

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- Extracellular enzymes
- Adhesion factors
- Toxins
-Antiphygocytic factors

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Extracellular enzymes and their effect on virulence

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-enzymes secreted by the pathogen.
-dissolve structural chemicals in the body
-help pathogens mantain infection, and avoid body defenses

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Toxins and their effect on Virulence

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-Toxins are chemicals that are produced by the pathogen.
-Cause harm to tissues (actively or passively)

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toxins in the bloodstram that are carriend beyond the site of infection

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toxemia

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2 classes of toxins

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Endotoxin- part of the structure of gram negative bacteria (such as LPS)

Exotoxin- proteins that are both produced and excreted by the pathogen

Front 34

Recall there are 2 classes of toxins (endo and exotoxins). There are also 2 types of EXOTOXINS called....

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Neurotoxins- Botulism and Tetanus

Enterotoxin- Staph and Cholera

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Virulence effects of Antiphygocytic factors

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Capsules- either infect cell without being recognized as foreign or are "slippery" and avoid phagocytosis.

-Antiphagocytic chemicals- prevent fusion of lysosomes (TB) and kill luekocytes.

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RECALL

*Lysosome function
*Capsule makes more/less virulent
*what organism avoids fusion with lysosomes? consequence?

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- Lysosomes- lyse the cell rendering it dead.
-More
- TB; highly virulent

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Three stages of infectious diseases

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-Incubation (no symptoms)

-Prodromal (vague symptoms)
-Illness (most severe symptom)

-decline- symptoms begin to disappear
-Convalescence (no symptoms)

all are infectious

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How pathogens leave host?

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- GI Tract- feces
- respiratory- sneezing
- Gential- secretions and urine

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Sites where pathogens are mantained as a source of infection

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Reservoir

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3 types of reservoirs

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-Animal reservoir
- Human carrier
- Nonliving reservoir

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diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans

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Zoonoses

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Ways Zoonoses are transfered

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-direct contact with feces or carier
-eating animals
-bloodsucking arthropids (mosquitos)

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infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

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human carriers

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What is an example of a human carrier?

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The gall bladder stores the pathogen causing typhoid fever causing infection in many people

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Non living reservoirs

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Soil, water and food can all be reservoirs for infection. (usually due to contamination with urine or feces)

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Infections acquired while in helath care faciities

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Noscomial Infections

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The most common nosocomial indectious agent are from the genus...

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Staphylococcus