Microbiology Test #4 (Epidemiology)

Front 1

"to live together"

Back 1

symbiosis

Front 2

3 types of symbiotic relationships and their defenition

Back 2

Mutualism- Both benefit from the relationship
Commenalism- One benefits and the other is indifferent to the relationship
Parasetism- one benefits and the other is harmed by the relationship

Front 3

Refers to the organisms that colonize the body's surfaces WITHOUT normally causing disease

Back 3

NORMAL mirobiota (or flora)

Front 4

two types of Normal microbiota include

Back 4

Resident microbiota and Transient microbiota

Front 5

Resident microbiota

Back 5

Are part of the normal microbiota throughout life (most are commensal- 1 benefit 1 indifferent)

Front 6

Teansient microbiota

Back 6

Remain in the body for only hours to months (cannot persist on the body because of bodys defense and competition)

Front 7

Acquisiton of Normal Microbiota

Back 7

Most begins to develop during the BIRTHING PROCESS and in the coming months.

Front 8

Oppurtunistic pathogens (what makes normal microbiota cause disease?)

Back 8

All of the following
-Immunosuppresion (comprimised hosts)
- changes in relative abundance
- introduction to an unusual site on the body.

Front 9

True/False

Every orifice in the body contains micoroganisms.

Back 9

True

Front 10

Contamination vs infection

Back 10

Contamination- the mere prescence of microbes.

Infection when the organism that has contaiminated can MULTIPLY and become established.

Front 11

4 main portals of entry

Back 11

-Skin
-Mucous Membranes
-Placenta
-Parenteral route

Front 12

How pathogens pass the 1st portal of entry (skin)...

Back 12

Some can pass through openings or cuts and some can burrow beneath the skin and sweat glands.

Front 13

Portal of entry- Mucous Membrane

Back 13

Lines all orifice to the body. Many pathogens can also survive the pH of the stomach.

Front 14

The most common site of entry for pathogens

Back 14

Respiratory tract (Mucous membrane)

Front 15

Portals of entry- Parenteral route

Back 15

Not a true portal of entry. Pathogens deposited into tissues BENEATH THE SKIN or mucous membrane.

Front 16

process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells

Back 16

Adhesion

Front 17

What are the specialized structures that allow ADHESION

Back 17

Pilli, Fimbrae and Capsule.

Front 18

Attachment proteins in microbes

Back 18

Ussualy surface LIPOPROTEINS or GLYCOPROTEINS called LIGANDS.

-block ligands and the microbe becomes avirulent.

Front 19

Attachment proteins (ligands) give rise to what

Back 19

the specificity of host cell target for the microbe to bind to.

Front 20

Infection vs Disease

Back 20

Infection- the INVASION of a host by a pathogen.

Disease- results only if the invading pathogen ALTERS THE NORMAL FUNCTIONS of the host.

Front 21

Symptom, Sign or syndrome

subjective characteristics of disrase FELT ONLY BY THE PATIENT.

Back 21

Symptom

Front 22

Symptom, Sign or syndrome

objective manifestations of disease that can be OBSERVED BY OTHERS

Back 22

Sign

Front 23

Symptom, Sign or syndrome

group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition

Back 23

Syndrome

Front 24

What does it mean to be asymptomatic?

Back 24

LACKING SYMPTOMS, however, infection MAY still be present.

Front 25

study of the causes of diseases

Back 25

Etiology

Front 26

Koch's Postulates (5 stages)

Back 26

Observation
Isolation
Innoculation
Reproduce infection
Reisolation

Front 27

Exceptions to disease classifications through Koch's Postulate

Back 27

- Some pathogens cant be cultured
- some disease caused by multiple pathogen
-Ethical considerations

Front 28

Pathogenicity vs Virulence

ABILITY of a microbe to cause disease

Back 28

Pathogenicity

Front 29

Pathogenicity vs Virulence

degree to which a microbe causes disease

Back 29

virulence

Front 30

4 factors affecting virulence

Back 30

- Extracellular enzymes
- Adhesion factors
- Toxins
-Antiphygocytic factors

Front 31

Extracellular enzymes and their effect on virulence

Back 31

-enzymes secreted by the pathogen.
-dissolve structural chemicals in the body
-help pathogens mantain infection, and avoid body defenses

Front 32

Toxins and their effect on Virulence

Back 32

-Toxins are chemicals that are produced by the pathogen.
-Cause harm to tissues (actively or passively)

Front 33

toxins in the bloodstram that are carriend beyond the site of infection

Back 33

toxemia

Front 34

2 classes of toxins

Back 34

Endotoxin- part of the structure of gram negative bacteria (such as LPS)

Exotoxin- proteins that are both produced and excreted by the pathogen

Front 35

Recall there are 2 classes of toxins (endo and exotoxins). There are also 2 types of EXOTOXINS called....

Back 35

Neurotoxins- Botulism and Tetanus

Enterotoxin- Staph and Cholera

Front 36

Virulence effects of Antiphygocytic factors

Back 36

Capsules- either infect cell without being recognized as foreign or are "slippery" and avoid phagocytosis.

-Antiphagocytic chemicals- prevent fusion of lysosomes (TB) and kill luekocytes.

Front 37

RECALL

*Lysosome function
*Capsule makes more/less virulent
*what organism avoids fusion with lysosomes? consequence?

Back 37

- Lysosomes- lyse the cell rendering it dead.
-More
- TB; highly virulent

Front 38

Three stages of infectious diseases

Back 38

-Incubation (no symptoms)
-Illness (most sever symptom)
-Convalescence (no symptoms)

Front 39

How pathogens leave host?

Back 39

- GI Tract- feces
- respiratory- sneezing
- Gential- secretions and urine

Front 40

Sites where pathogens are mantained as a source of infection

Back 40

Reservoir

Front 41

3 types of reservoirs

Back 41

-Animal reservoir
- Human carrier
- Nonliving reservoir

Front 42

diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans

Back 42

Zoonoses

Front 43

Ways Zoonoses are transfered

Back 43

-direct contact with feces or carier
-eating animals
-bloodsucking arthropids (mosquitos)

Front 44

In zoonotic humans are usually

Back 44

the dead end host.

Front 45

infected individuals who are asymptomatic but infective to others

Back 45

human carriers

Front 46

What is an example of a human carrier?

Back 46

The gall bladder stores the pathogen causing typhoid fever causing infection in many people

Front 47

Non living reservoirs

Back 47

Soil, water and food can all be reservoirs for infection. (usually due to contamination with urine or feces)

Front 48

Modes of transmission (3 methods)

Back 48

- Contact transmission- direct contact
-Vehicular transmission- Food, H20, air
-Vector transmission- Mosquito

Front 49

Droplets causing cold are what type of mode of transmission

Back 49

Contact NOT VEHICULAR

Front 50

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations

Back 50

epidemiology

Front 51

number of NEW cases of a dusease in a given area in a given time

Back 51

Incidence (different from prevalence)

Front 52

number of TOTAL cases of a disease in a given area in a given time

Back 52

Prevalence (different from incidence)

Front 53

the 3 approaches to epidemiology

Back 53

Descriptive- how did it get started
Analytical- how to stop transmission
Experimental- application of Koch's Postulats

Front 54

the main purpose of descriptive epidemiology is

Back 54

to identify INDEX CASES (the 1st case of the disease)

Front 55

The purpose of analytical epidemiology?

Back 55

seeks to solve "mode of transmission" amd medthods of prevention. often RETROSPECTIVE (after the fact)

Front 56

Purpose od experimental epidemiology?

Back 56

Testing of hypothesis in descriptive and analytical epidemiology.

Front 57

Infections acquired while in helath care faciities

Back 57

Noscomial Infections

Front 58

The most common nosocomial indectious agent are from the genus...

Back 58

Staphylococcus

Front 59

Control of Noscomial infections

-What helps most?
-Who mandates controls in this field?

Back 59

-Handwashing to reduce disease

- the CDC has universal percautions to limit exposure to pathogens

Front 60

The CDC's job in the U.S is accomplished by ___________ internationally.

Back 60

WHO- World Health Organization

Front 61

Immune system can be broken down into 2 SYSTEMS

Back 61

Innate (Non-specific) and Acquired (Specific)

Front 62

Within Innate there are 2 line of defense against pathogens they are:

Back 62

1st line of defense- Physical barrier- (Skin, Secretions and Normal flora)

2nd line of defense- Blood components (Phagocytic cells, compliment fever and inflammation)

Front 63

The Acquired or Specific system (3rd line of defense) of immunity further breaks into two categories what are they...

Back 63

1. Humoral (B cells and Antibodies (A and B))

2. Cell mediated immunity- (Tc- Killer T cells and Th Helper T cells)

Front 64

What is the major difference between the two classes of Acquired or Specific immunity (Humoral vs Cell-mediated)

Back 64

Humoral system guards against extracellular problems.

Cell mediated immunity corrects intracellular pathogens (including cancerous cells) and VIRUSES!

Front 65

Nonspecific immunity includes complement system which secretes...

Back 65

proteins (perforin) hich kill cells by cytolysis

Front 66

Nonspecific immunity contains the inflammatory response which causes the following four SIGNS and SYMPTOMS.

Back 66

Signs: redness, heat and swelling

Symptoms: Pain

Front 67

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

Back 67

to get the necessary defense systems to the site of injury quicker because of vasodilation.

1.) destroys infectious agent
2.) localizes damage to external tissue.
3.) replaces or repairs damaged tissue