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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Enteric Diseases: Digestive Born Disorders
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Salmonella is the #1 causative organism.
Symptoms include: Diarrhea, dehydration, dysentery (blood, mucous and pus in the stool), vomitting. Spread via: Food, fomites, feces and flies (& other insects). Three most common treatments: ABC, rehydration, NS. |
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Food Born Disease Prevention
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PBH, thorough cooking, proper refrigeration of food, proper drinking water treatment, drinking pasteurized milk, proper disposal of body waste, vaccines, isolation, identification of carriers (if asymptomatic, ID via fecal smear), inspect canned goods for signs of botulism (especially acidic foods: tomatoes, peppers); look for domed ends of cans signaling methane & other gas release from anaerobic botulism organism inside.
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Common Refugee Outbreaks
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Typhoid Fever, Shigellosis, Cholera
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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY INGESTION:
Typhoid Fever (most severe of all entric diseases; symptomatic). |
CA: Salmonella typhi
Sym: "rose spots" on trunk, gradual temp to 104 degrees, diarrhea/vomitting, sores in small intestine, gall bladder always infected; may be carried there a long time and may need to be removed. Treat: ABC & rehydration Res: Human Trans: urine & fecal contamination of food/water, asymptomatic carrier Prev: PBH, sanitary techniques for water/body wastes, gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy), vaccine is useless. |
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Salmonella Septicemia (blood poisoning); systemic.
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CA: Salmonella choleresis
Sym: bacteria invades blood stream causing abscesses, can lead to meningitis, endocarditis, arthritis and pneumonia. Tr: ABC, rehydration. Res: Human (primary), hogs, cattle and poultry are secondary. Trans: urine & fecal contamination of food/water. Prev: PBH, sanitary techniques for water/body wastes, gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy). |
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Salmonella Food Infection (food poisoning, 24 hr flu).
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CA: Salmonella
Sym: nausea, vomitting/diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastroenteritits within 8-48 hours after eating toxin. Treat: NS, rehydration. Res: Human (primarily), cracked eggs and turtles (true food born disease), hogs, cattle, and poultry and secondary. Trans: urine and fecal contamination of food/water, asymptomatic carrier, eating contaminated shell fish. Prev: thorough cooking to kill organism, keep food refrigerated until eaten. |
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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (roto rooter disease).
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CA: Staphylococcus
Sym: nausea, vomitting/diarrhea, abdominal pain, depressed temp and blood pressure, gastroenteritis within 1-6 hours after eating toxin, quick recovery. |
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Botulism; systemic.
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CA: Clostridium botulinum (anaerobic bacteria).
Sym: blurred/double vision, dizziness/nausea, vomitting/diarrhea, symptoms begin 12-36 hours after eating toxin; if untreated, death from respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure. Treat: Antitoxin Res: Human, animals, soil. Trans: ingestion of improperly prepared foods. Prev: proper processing of acidic foods, inspect unopened cans for "doming", 10 minute boiling will destroy toxin. |
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Shigellosis (Bacillary Dysentery).
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CA: Shigella dysenteriae *(produces exotoxin, increasing severity of symptoms)*, also shigella.
Sym: vomitting/diarrhea, nausea/cramps, fever, localized large intestinal infection. Treat: ABC, rehydration Res: Humans Trans: fecal contamination of water and fomites, direct fecal-oral route. Prev: sanitary techniques for food handlers, sewage control, isolation. |
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Diarrhea in nurseries; travelers diarrhea, montezuma's revenge.
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CA: Escherichia coli (all warm blooded animals carry this in feces).
Sym: severe watery diarrhea, localized intestinal infection of newborns in hospital nurseries, epidemic and high fatality rate. Treat: ABC, rehydration. Res: Humans Trans: direct or indirect fecal contamination. Prev: PBH, sanitary techniques for hospital personnel, strict isolation, wipe front to back. |
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Cholera
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CA: Vibrio cholerae
Sym: diarrhea that resembles rice soup, severe dehydration & fatigue-difficult to get out of bed (rubber holes in cholera beds), nausea and vomitting, localized intestinal infection, death if untreated. Epidemic LD 75, endemic LD 5-15 percent. Treat: ABC, rehydration. Res: Humans Trans: fecal contamination of water. Prev: sewage control, boil drinking water, vaccine for those at risk (of limited six month duration), |
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Brucellosis: Undulant Fever
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CA: Brucella
Sym: back and forth between chills and night sweats, fever, increasing weakness, muscle aches/stiffness, weight loss, nerve damage is possible, illness lasts weeks-months. Treat: ABC (taken for at least 3 weeks) Res: cattle, sheep, goats, horses Trans: ingestion of contaminated dairy products, direct contact through cuts and abrasions of the skin. Prev: pasteurization of all dairy, domestic animal control (kill infected animals). |
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VIRAL INFECTION BY INGESTION
Poliomyelitis aka infantile paralysis, but strikes all ages. |
Three strains of viruses:
1) CA: Brunhilde strain (resembles 24 hour flu, 50% of us have probably had it) Sym: Mild, non-paralytic polio is a gastro-intestinal infection with nausea/vomitting, drowsiness, headach & fever; fast, uneventful recovery, 2) CA: Lansing strain (resembles viral meningitis, but no rash) Sym: Aseptic meningitis is non-paralytic polio with stuff neck/back, 10 days to recovery. 3) CA: Leon strain (becomes systemic) Sym: Paralytic polio has symptoms of non-paralytic polio, buy may develop suddenly. It attacks the motor neurons causing paralysis, usually affects lower limbs, can cause respiratory paralysis, slow recovery and damage often permanent. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: ingestion of fecally contaminated water, inhalation of airborne droplets emitted by infected person during acute illness stage. Prev: killed virus; Salk, oral attenuated virus; Sabin. |
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Viral Hepatitis:
Type 1: Infectious Hepatitis Type 2: Serum Hepatitis |
1) CA: Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is food born, infectious, 10-50 day incubation.
2) CA: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is blood born, 30-180 day incubation. Sym: fever, nausea/vomitting, anorexia, malaise, jaundice, bile in urine & hepatomegaly (liver enlargement), pale grey feces; residual liver damage after recovery, low fatality rate, adult infection is more severe than child. Treat: NS, bedrest Res: Human, some primates. 1) Trans: direct contact, contaminated food/water/fomite. 2) Trans: sharing needles, blood or organ donation. 1) Prev: vaccine, gamma globulin prophylaxis. 2) Prev: vaccine, ID blood donors, instrument sterilization. |
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PARASITIC INFECTION BY INGESTION-Nematode Diseases
1) Enterobiasis (pinworms) 2) Ascariasiss 3) Trichinosis |
1) CA: Enterobius vermicularis (adult female, 13 mm long; adult male 5 mm long)
2) CA: Ascaris lumbricoides (largest round worm @ 20-30 cm long) 3) CA: Trichinella spiralis (smallest roundworm) Sym: perianal itching, restlessness, insomnia. (females crawl out, lay eggs externally, crawls back in to be fertilized again). Treat: chemotherapy Res: human Trans: direct contact, ova-contaminated fomites. Prev: PBH; upon diagnosis, household disinfection and chemotherpay combined. |
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Life Cycle of Nematode Diseases:
ASCARIASIS |
1. Ingest eggs
2. Larva hatch in duodenum and enter bloodstream. 3. Bloodstream carries larva to lungs, up trachea where they are coughed up and swallowed. 4. In small intesting, larva mature, reproduce eggs released in feces. 5. Eggs are ingested...(treatment: injest chemical to create major peristalsis to squeeze them out). |
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TRICHINOSIS
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1) Eat infected pork meat/ muscle releasing the encysted larva.
2) In the duodenum, larva grow, mature and reproduce. 3) Eggs hatch into new larva, entering bloodstream and lymph system. 4) Larva then enter skeletal muscle where they are encysted...stay here until eaten. |
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Parasitic Infections by Ingestion-CESTODE DISEASES:
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Taeniasis: beef or pork tenderloin
CA: Taenia sagniata, taenia solium Life Cycle: You have an infected tapeworm in a human. The eggs are eliminated in the feces outdoors. The feces are eaten by an animal (pig, cow, etc). The eggs hatch into larvae in the animals small intestine & bloodstream, go to the muscle. The larvae stays in the muscle of the animal. The animal is killed for food. The meat of the animal is undercooked, the larvae are released to grow, mature and reproduce. You start over with a mature tapeworm in the gut of a human. |
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Roundworm, Ascariasis: Life Cycle (Nematode)
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A human has worms, the eggs are in the human feces and the feces are eliminated outdoors. Another human, not-kwowing, injested the egss in his everyday life and those eggs hatch into the larvae stage (baby worms). The larvae burrow via the bloodstream, larvae leave the bloodstream at the lungs and travel up the respiratory system. They are swallowed into intestinal tract, grow, reproduce and start all over.
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Roundworm, Trichinosis: Life Cycle (Nematode)
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This process starts at the larvael stage with trichinosis in the muscle of pork. A pig is killed for food and we undercook the meat, scrap pork is fed to another pig. The larvae is released in the small intestine. They grow, mature and reproduce which grows more eggs. Eggs hatch into larvae, larvae burrow via the small intestine bloodstream into the muscle of the third pig.
Or, man eats the undercooked piece of pork, larvae is releasee by the small intestine/bloodstream and goes to the muscle of man. This is a dead end, it doesn't go further, 15% of americans have trichinosis. |
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Ways to prevent these diseases:
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Proper cooking
Proper canning Inspection of food Washing hands Refrigeration Become a vegan Vaccinate animals Domesticated animal control Disinfection of food prep in factories. |
