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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of living things that can be found in viruses
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have DNA or RNA
replicate within host organization respond to stimuli metabolize adapt evolved from complex to more simplistic & efficent |
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What characteristic of a living thing are viruses unable to do?
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They can't do processes like replication, metabolism, etc. independent of a host.
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Basic structure of a virus
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capsid - protective protein coat surrounding DNA/RNA
tail - protein: aids binding and penetration of a host's cell surface |
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Capsid
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protective protein coat surrounding DNA/RNA
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tail
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protein; aids in binding and penertration of a host's cell surface
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Different classifications of viruses
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polyhedral shape - polio
spherical shape - HIV cylindrical - tobacco mosaic virus Polyhedral head, fibrous tail (robot looking one) |
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Stages of the lytic cycle
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1- infection of host cell
2- viral DNA replication & translation 3- virus assembly 4- host cell lysis & budding of viruses 5- viruses "hit the road" |
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stages of the lysogenic cycle
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1- infects hostcell
2- virus DNA becomes part of bacteria DNA 3- reproduce via binary fission 4-each daughter cell has viral DNA incorperated 5- viral DNA is excised from bacteria DNA 6 - enters lytic cycle |
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DIfference between lyctic and lysogenic cycle
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In the lysogenic cycle, the virus DNA becomes part of the bacteria's DNA. In the lytic cycle, the virus uses the host bacteria cell to replicate itself, then bursts out, and kills it.
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How can people have HIV and not notice for several years?
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Since HIV is a virus, if it infects a cell and enters the lysogenic cycle, it can rapidly develop in the DNA of the host cell. Since the lysogenic cycle is dormant, the disease can go unnoticed until it enters the active lyctic cycle.
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What are the characteristics of monera?
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prokaryotic with no membrane bound nucleus, unicellular, single chromosome, mostly reproduce by binary fission, great metabolic diversity
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Why are archaebacteria also known as extremophiles?
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Archaebacteria love extreme conditions, they have special lipid structures that allow cells to survive xtreme hot/cold. Thought to be one of life's first organisms
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What is the difference between methanogens, halophiles, and thermacidophiles?
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-Methanogens produce methane & live in oxygen free environments. use chemicals as energy & produce methane as waste.
-Halophiles love salt. They live in salt pools up to 15% salt. -Thermacidophiles love heat and acid. Found in hot springs, volcanoes, etc. |
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What are the differences between cocci, bacilli, and spirilli?
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Cocci are type of eubacteria that is round, and resists drying.
Bacilli " " that is rod shaped and has large surface area for absorbing nutrients. Sprilli " " spiral shaped and move through liquids with ease. |
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Be able to recognize bacteria that have certain growth patterns.
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Diplo - pairs
Staphylo - arranged in clusters Strepto - long chain |
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What are the differences between obligate anaerobes, obligate aerobes, and facultative anaerobes
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Obligate aerobes neec oxygen. Obligate anaerobes do not need oxgen. Facultative anaerobes can survive with or without oxygen.
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How do bacteria get their energy?
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Either heterotrophic (parasites & saprophytes) or autotrophic (photosynthesis & chemosynthesis)
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How do bacteria reproduce sexually? Asexually?
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Most bacteria reproduce asexually: through binary fission "splitting into two". Some reproduce sexually, through conjugation (cells link and form bridge), or plasmids (small loops of DNA separate and transfer from one cell to another). Some produce by endospore through spore formation (dormant stage where the bacteria is safe until conditions improve, then can divide normally).
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Describe one bacteria causing disease that affects humans
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Syphilis is a bacterial disease that is passed on sexually, orally, or during birth that attacks the mucous membranes of the body, left untreated it can develop into neurosyphilis which affects the brain and nervous system.
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How does the human body defend itself against bacterial infections?
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non specific defenses (prevent pathogens from entering body: hair, oil, sweat), specific defenses (immune response: antibodies are produced to destroy invaders), Macrophages (white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens), Interferon (type of white blood cell that is produced and released from infected cells).
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How do antibiotics work?
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types of medications that kill or slow down the growth of bacteria. The antibiotic takes over and kills the bacteria for the immune system, alleviating it.
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What is antibiotic resistance and why should we be worried about it?
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Antibiotic resistance is when a bacterial species is able to survive after multiple exposures to antibiotics. By taking antibiotics, we are taking away the chance for our immune system to gets stronger. Once all of these bacterial species are immune to all of our cures, there will be a pandemonium of outbreaks which we will have no cure for.
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