Microbiology Test 3 - Andy

Front 1

Parts of Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 1

Mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, throat, epiglottis, larynx

Front 2

Parts of Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 2

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Front 3

Normal Biota of the upper respiratory tract

Back 3

Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis

Front 4

Less common normal biota of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 4

Nonhemolytic and alpha-hemolytic streptococci, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, and Candida albicans

Front 5

Term for Inflammation of the sinuses

Back 5

Sinusitis

Front 6

Viral Rhinitis

Back 6

Produces conditions for bacterial growth in sinuses

Front 7

Pathogens that cause Sinusitis

Back 7

Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus Influenzae

Front 8

Chronic Othis media is due to?

Back 8

Bacterial BIOFILMS

Front 9

If daily weights are ordered make sure that they are done when

Back 9

at the same time, usually before breakfast on the same scales w/ the same clothes

Front 10

Pathogens causing Acute Otitis Media

Back 10

Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis

Front 11

Is Acute Otitis Media communicable

Back 11

No.

Although the URI usually preceding it is

Front 12

Morphology of Haemophilus species

Back 12

Gram-negative
Rods
Some have capsules

Front 13

X Factor =

Back 13

Hematin

Front 14

V Factor

Back 14

NAD

Front 15

V factor and X factor are associated with

Back 15

Haemophilus Bacteria

Front 16

The components are found in the Blood and utilized by Haemophilus bacteria

Back 16

V factor (NAD) and X Factor (Hematin)

Front 17

Most common pathogenic strain of Haemophilus influenzae

Back 17

B strain

Front 18

Virulence factor for Haemophilus influenzae

Back 18

Capsules
PRP

Front 19

Polyribitol phosphate is associated with

Back 19

Haemophilus influenzae

Front 20

What makes Hib such a invasive pathogen?

Back 20

only 5% of its strains will adhere to the buccal membrane... AKA they adhere specifically to other tissues.

Front 21

Clinical manesfestations of Haemophilus influenzae

Back 21

Acute Otitis Media, epiglottitis, Bronchitis/pneumonia, cellulitis, conjunctivitis, and meningitis

Front 22

"Medical emergency" clinical manefestations of Haemophilus influenzae

Back 22

Epiglottitis and meningitis

Front 23

Unencapsulated forms of this bacteria usually carried by 20-50% of people in their nasophaynx

Back 23

Haemophilus influenzae

Front 24

Diagnosis: Throat swabs are not useful, bacteria is fastidious and dies quickly. Use latex agglutination and EIA to test for "capsular antigens"

Back 24

Haemophilus Influenzae

Front 25

Chancriod is caused by

Back 25

Haemophilus Ducreyi

Front 26

Haemophilus species that are a member of HACEK

Back 26

Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus parainfulenzae, Haemophilus praphrophilus

Front 27

Inflammation of the throat =

Back 27

Phayngitis

Front 28

Pathogens causing Pharyngitis

Back 28

Streptococcus pyogenes, cold viruses

Front 29

Complications associated with Streptococcus pyogenes induced pharyngitis

Back 29

Scarlett Fever, Rheumatic Fever, Acute Glomerulonephritis

Front 30

Disease Characterized by inflammatory lesions of heart, joints, CNS. Can lead to permanent damage of the heart valves

Back 30

Rheumatic Fever

Front 31

Pathogenic cause of Rheumatic Fever

Back 31

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 32

Pathogenic cause of Acute glomerulonephritis

Back 32

Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 33

Disease characterized by preformed complexes of Streptococcus antigen/antibody complexes in the kidney

Back 33

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Front 34

Morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Back 34

Gram-positive
Bacilli
Often V, L, or Y shaped

Front 35

A-B toxins are associated with

Back 35

Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis

Front 36

Explain how the diphtheria toxin works

Back 36

A-B exotoxin
A chain modifies host elongation factor 2. Thus, stopping protein synthesis

Front 37

Effects include cardiac damage, depression of respiration, and paralysis of the soft palate

Back 37

tox+ gene

Front 38

Tox+ gene is associated with

Back 38

Bacteriophages infecting Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 39

Clinical Manefestations include a psuedomembrane containing fibrin, dead tissue cells, leukocytes, and bacteria

Back 39

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 40

Characterized by a "bullneck" infection appearance

Back 40

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 41

Epidemiology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Back 41

Humans only natural host. Chronic carriers exist that pass along. Transmitted person to person.

Front 42

ELEK Test

Back 42

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (it tests for its toxin)

Front 43

Diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Back 43

ELEK Test

Front 44

Serum sickness as a result of a treatment using its antitoxin is associated with

Back 44

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Front 45

Pathogen causing Whooping Cough

Back 45

Bordetella pertussis

Front 46

Morphology of Bordetella pertussis

Back 46

Gram-negative
Coccobacilli

Front 47

Needs a Chocolate agar for culture growth

Back 47

Haemophilus bacteria

Front 48

Needs a charcoal supplement agar for culture

Back 48

Bordetella pertussis

Front 49

Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis

Back 49

Hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, endotoxin

Front 50

Describe pertussis toxin

Back 50

A-B toxin
Catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of a G protein. Increase host cell cAMP levels. Ciliated cell death.

Front 51

This toxin increase mucin secretion

Back 51

Pertussis toxin

Front 52

Similar to the cholera toxin

Back 52

Pertussis toxin

Front 53

Tracheal cytotoxin does

Back 53

Direct killing of ciliated cells

Front 54

Catarrhal stage, paroxysmal stage, and convalescence stage is associated with

Back 54

Bordetella pertussis

Front 55

Bordetella pertussis undergoes what clinical manfestations and for how long

Back 55

Catarrhal stage: 1-2 wk
Paroxysmal stage: 2-4 wk
Convolescence stage: 2-3 wk

Front 56

Epidemiology of Bordetella pertussis

Back 56

Highly communicable!!!!!!!!
Humans only reservoir
Can live on fomites.

Front 57

Gold standard for this disease is culture of nasopharyngeal secretions

Back 57

Bordetella pertussis

Front 58

Diagnosis is often clinical, because low sensitivity of culture and PCR is not FDA approved

Back 58

Bordetella pertussis

Front 59

Treatment of Bordetella pertussis

Back 59

Antibiotics, will not shorten illness, but will shorten infectious period.

Front 60

Bacteria associated with Upper respiratory diseases

Back 60

Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Candida albicans

Front 61

Bacteria associated with Upper and Lower respiratory diseases

Back 61

Bordetella pertussis

Front 62

Bacteria associated with Lower respiratory diseases

Back 62

Mycobacterium, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Chlamydiaceae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella, enterobacter, E. Coli, Pseudomonda aeruginosa, Streptotrophomonas maltophilia, Acinetobacter

Front 63

Majority of human Mycobacterium infections are from what species

Back 63

Mycobacteria tuberculosis, Mycobacteria leprae, and Mycobacteria avium complex

Front 64

Morphology of Mycobacteria

Back 64

Gram-positive
rods

Front 65

Acid fast stain in a acid-alcohol solution with red dye is associated with

Back 65

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 66

Mycolic acid is associated with

Back 66

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 67

Cord factor is associated with

Back 67

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 68

What is responsible for Mycobacteria tuberculosis acid-fast properties

Back 68

Mycolic acid

Front 69

Glycolipids on Mycobacteria tuberculosis are known as

Back 69

Cord factor

Front 70

Cord factor

Back 70

Causes Mycobacteria tuberculosis to grow in filaments

Front 71

A walled of TB lesion

Back 71

Tubercle

Front 72

Tubercles eventually heal by

Back 72

Calcification

Front 73

Characterized by violent coughing, greenish or bloody sputum, fever, anorexia, fatigue

Back 73

Chronic tuberculosis

Front 74

Extrapulmonary TB can occur

Back 74

Lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genital tract, and brain

Front 75

Epidemiology of Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Back 75

Only source for infection, but not the only carriers.

Front 76

Mantoux test is associated with

Back 76

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 77

If positive, when PPD is injected under the skin, preprimed _______ are stimulated to secrete cytokines

Back 77

CD4+ T helper cells

Front 78

Epidemiology of Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Back 78

Only source for infection, but not the only carriers.

Front 79

In the Tuberculin skin test, CD4+ cells recruit what to the injection site?

Back 79

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Monocytes, and macrophages

Front 80

Mantoux test is associated with

Back 80

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

Front 81

The 5 drawbacks to TST

Back 81

4 wks after TB exposure to be positive, immunized=positive result, other mycobacterium exposure=positive result, active TB convert from + to negative, and immunocompromised individuals=negative result

Front 82

If positive, when PPD is injected under the skin, preprimed _______ are stimulated to secrete cytokines

Back 82

CD4+ T helper cells

Front 83

In the Tuberculin skin test, CD4+ cells recruit what to the injection site?

Back 83

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Monocytes, and macrophages

Front 84

The 5 drawbacks to TST

Back 84

4 wks after TB exposure to be positive, immunized=positive result, other mycobacterium exposure=positive result, active TB convert from + to negative, and immunocompromised individuals=negative result

Front 85

What is a more sensitive test than TST

Back 85

Interferon-gamma release assay
AFB smear

Front 86

What does TST stand for and test for?

Back 86

TST=Tuberculin Skin Test
Test for exposure to TB

Front 87

A primary TB infection x-ray will show

Back 87

Fine areas of infiltration

Front 88

A secondary TB infection x-ray will show

Back 88

Extensive infiltration in the UPPER lungs and bronchi

Front 89

What is the "gold standard" for TB confirmation

Back 89

Culture using antibiograms to determine sensitivity

Front 90

Most sensitive and common test for TB

Back 90

AFB Smear!!!!! This seems to be used to confirm ALL TB Cases!

Front 91

2 main first-line TB drugs

Back 91

Isoniazid, Rifampicin

Front 92

MDR-TB classification

Back 92

Strains resistant to 2 first-line drugs

Front 93

XDR-TB

Back 93

Strains resistant to 2 first line drugs, one flouriquinolone, and one injectable 2nd line drug

Front 94

Difference between Adult and Child treatment for active TB

Back 94

Children same but no vitamin B6