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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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paul ehrlich
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1880's and 1890's observed chemotherapy in action
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grhard domagk
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red dye prontosil, metabolized in body into sulfonamide, effective drug against bacterial infections
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alexander fleming
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discovered P. notatum
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antimicrobial chemotherapy
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uses chemicals to prevent and treat infections
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"Drugs"
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antibiotics and synthetic
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mutation means
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protein structure changed
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narrow spectrum
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ex. kills only bacteria
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broad spectrum
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ex. kills fungi and bacteria
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penicillins
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inhibit cell wall synthesis
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aminoglycoside drugs
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inhibit protein synthesis
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organisms can only produce antibiotics on what surface?
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solid
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five modes of action of antibiotics:
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1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. disruption of cell membrane function 3. inhibit protein synthesis 4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 5. action as antimetabolites |
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base analogs function as
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molecular mimicry: inhibit DNA synthesis by attaching to DNA polymerase
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examples of base analogs:
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1. PABA
2. sulfanilamide 3. para-amino salicylic acid |
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solution to resistance to antibiotics:
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modify the R group, the enzyme wont recognize the new molecule and no resistance
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paul ehrlich
|
1880's and 1890's observed chemotherapy in action
|
|
|
grhard domagk
|
red dye prontosil, metabolized in body into sulfonamide, effective drug against bacterial infections
|
|
|
alexander fleming
|
discovered P. notatum
|
|
|
antimicrobial chemotherapy
|
uses chemicals to prevent and treat infections
|
|
|
"Drugs"
|
antibiotics and synthetic
|
|
|
mutation means
|
protein structure changed
|
|
|
narrow spectrum
|
ex. kills only bacteria
|
|
|
broad spectrum
|
ex. kills fungi and bacteria
|
|
|
penicillins
|
inhibit cell wall synthesis
|
|
|
aminoglycoside drugs
|
inhibit protein synthesis
|
|
|
organisms can only produce antibiotics on what surface?
|
solid
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|
|
five modes of action of antibiotics:
|
1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. disruption of cell membrane function 3. inhibit protein synthesis 4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis 5. action as antimetabolites |
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|
base analogs function as
|
molecular mimicry: inhibit DNA synthesis by attaching to DNA polymerase
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examples of base analogs:
|
1. PABA
2. sulfanilamide 3. para-amino salicylic acid |
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solution to resistance to antibiotics:
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modify the R group, the enzyme wont recognize the new molecule and no resistance
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disk diffusion method
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disk soaked in antibiotic
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MIC
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minimum inhibitory concentration- measures potency
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serum killing power
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test if serum proteins attach to antibiotics
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if serum attaches =
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antibiotic not good
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tetracyline
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causes discolaration of baby's teeth if taken during pregnancy
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if medicine is stopped early:
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drug resistant bacteria will multiply rapidly and the old antibiotic wont work
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solution for drug resistance:
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double antibiotic therapy
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virulent factors in bacteria: (to get inside skin)
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1. invasive pathogens reach epithelial surface
2. pathogens produce hyaluronidase 3. pathogens invade deeper tissues |
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virulent factors in bacteria (inside skin)
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1. pathogen produce coagulate
2. blood clots around pathogen 3. pathogens produce streptokinase, dissolving the clot and releasing pathogen into blood stream |
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incubation period
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no signs of symptoms
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prodromal phase
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vague symptoms
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invasive stage
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most severe signs and symptoms
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decline phase
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declining symptoms
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convalescence period
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patient regains strength
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aquired immunity
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made by body
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innate immunity
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genetic (inborn)
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aquired active immunity
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own antibodies in presence of antigens
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passive aquired immunity
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ready made antibodies
ex. snake bites |
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passive natural immunity
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maternal antibodies through milk and placenta
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passive artificial immunity
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antibodies from other sources
es. serum spider bites rabies |
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active natural immunity
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exposed to infectious aggent
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active artificial immunity
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immunization before disease attacks
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large molecular substance, complex protein
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antigen
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b cells from
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bone marrow
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t cells from
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thymus
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stem cells in fetal liver migrate to
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the bone marrow
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the cell that recognizes the foreign substance
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replicates to fight it
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dont want cells that
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recognize own body's proteins
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clonal selection hypothesis:
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how body tells self from non self
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clonal deletion of
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"self:" antigens during early development
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hetrodymer-
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binds heavy chains and light chain
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antibody structure:
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2 non identical peptides
2 identical |
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Fab fragment is different depending on
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type of antigen and antibody
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site of bonding to macrophages only occurs after
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binds to an antigen
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IgG
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crosses placenta
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Nonsecretory IgA
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on cell surface
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secretory IgA
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on cell surface
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IgD
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rare
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IgE
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histamine releaser
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IgM
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huge molecule
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neutralization
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ingested by macrophage
ex. IgA |
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opsonizatoin
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ingested by macrophage
ex. IgG |
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immune complex
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bacteria in plasma
lysis and ingestion |
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MAC
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membrane attack complex
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first antibody in response
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IgM
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second antibody in response (high specificity)
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IgG
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antigen is recognized much earlier after
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already being exposed to antigen before
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makes antibodies
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plama cells
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three types of cells in cell mediated immunity:
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Helper T Cells
cyctotoxic t cells memory t cells |
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present on all cells
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MHC I
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present only on macrophages only after phagocytosis
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MHC II
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trypanosoma sp.
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continuously changes antigens
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passive immunity has no ____ immunity
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lag
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