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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mutation frequency?
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1/1,000,000
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What do mutagens increase the mutation frequency to?
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10 to 1000 fold
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What ratio of mutations are beneficial?
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1/100
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What is a silent mutation?
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Mutation codes for original amino acid, no change occurs
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What is a missence mutation?
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Mutation codes for a different amino acid but then is able to continue coding rest of gene correctly
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What is a nonsense mutation?
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Mutation codes for a stop codon, not allowing translation to complete
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What is an intercalating disk?
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Inserts into DNA strand leading to addition of extra base pair, which causes entire gene to malfunction
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What kind of mutation does an intertercalating disk create?
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Frameshift mutation (addition of base pair)
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What is a transposon?
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Piece of genetic material cut from one area and inserted into another area (creates color in corn)
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What kind of cells does indirect selection isolate?
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Auxotrophs
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What is DNA transformation?
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Transfer of "naked" DNA in the environment to recipient cells.
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What final step must occur in order for transformation to be effective?
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Integration into new chromosome
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What is a natural defense for foreign DNA?
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Restriction enzymes (cut foreign DNA)
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What protects "self" DNA from being cut by its own restriction enzymes?
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Methylation of A and C
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What does it mean for DNA strands to anneal?
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Sticky ends are attracted to each other
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What is a retrovirus?
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Virus with single strand RNA that has obligatory DNA intermediate
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Describe the path of a retrovirus infection?
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1. ssRNA -> ssDNA
2. ssDNA -> dsDNA 3. dsDNA integrates with host DNA 4. Transcription of mRNA |
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What is the difference between how naked and enveloped viruses leave an infected cell?
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Enveloped viruses bud through plasma membrane, naked viruses depend on lysis of cell
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What kind of genetic material do most viruses that cause tumors have?
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dsDNA
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what is seroconversion?
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Your body producing antibodies
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how many lP/ml of HIV virus is there in blood, semen, and saliva?
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blood: 10-1000
semen: 10-50 saliva: <1 |
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what's another name for transmissible spongiform?
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prions
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