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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
viruses in plasma or placental fluid travel by way of?
Placenta!
HIV, Rubella, and Cytomegalvirus travel by?
Placenta or plasma viruses!
Viruses can travel along neurons by which two ways?
Anterograde- towards axon
retrograde- towards cell body.
A latent neuronal virus is?
Herpes
A virus that begins affecting nerve or ganglion is ?
Rabies, polio
Flesh eating bacteria, liquefies fat, affected tissue needs to be removed down to muscle, if that isn’t infected as well.
Necrotizing fasciitis
This drug Inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis
Bactericidal for mycobacterium tuberculosis
Very active against aerobic gram positive cocci including strep and staph
Rifampin
are produced by a wide variety of cells in response to the presence of double-stranded RNA, a key indicator of viral infection.
Interferon
This structure assists the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells and macrophages, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection.
Interferon
This drug has the same mechanism of action as penicillins but they have a wider antibacterial spectrum-
Ceftriaxone
This virus has high mutability (ex: HIV) which fools the immune system.
RNA Virus
This virus is stable (ex: chickenpox) and remains with the host (humans only)
DNA Virus
This refers to the way in which different viruses/pathogens have evolved to preferentially target specific host species, or specific cell types within those species.
Tropism
This determines the host cell
tropism
This is how genes are arranged in _____. Double stranded DNA molecule that is closed in a giant loop.
Bacteria!
What is the shape of Treponema pallidum?
Gram negative- spiral or spirochaete
The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a VIRUS. Also refers to the process where by foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via VIRAL VECTOR.
Transduction
how many Staph enterotoxins are there? Stable at?
8 toxins stable at 100C
These superantigens activate T cells and cytokine release, infiltration of neutrophils, loss of brush border jejunum, mast cells release mediators (vomiting)?
Staph Enterotoxins
This is the most common food poisoning, intoxication not infection, (ham, pork, custard-filled pastries, potato salad, icecream), human contamination, appearance/taste not tainted, food must be at room temp or warmer for bacteria to grow, heating may kill the bacteria but not the toxin, abrupt disease in 4 hrs
Staph Food Poisoning
This is the process by which TOTAL DESTRUCTION of microbes and spores can occur by gas vapor, chemical, physical means.
Sterilization
This type of Sterilization uses Autoclave, Filtration-HEPA (High efficiency particular air), Liquids, UV or ionizing radiation-direct exposure required?
Physical Sterilization
This is the most common type of Gas Vapor used for Sterilization purposes, which is Flammable, explosive, carcinogenic.
Ethylene Oxide
This common household chemical is an oxidizing agent for instruments.

**Hint- Should not use on cuts!!
Hydrogen Peroxide
In this type of Gas Sterilization, Peroxide is vaporized and reactive free radicals are produced
Plasma Gas Sterilization
Peracetic Acid and Glutaraldehyde are nontoxic and toxic, ___Sterilization agents.
Chemical Sterilization
In this process, there is Destruction of Most Microbes, but Spores usually remain viable.
Disinfection
There are three levels of Disinfection:
1. Gluataraldehyde, peroxide, cholorine (not used on skin) are examples of which level of disinfectant?
High Level
Alcohol, Iodine, and Phenol (which are used on skin) are which level of disinfection?
Intermediate Level
Quaternary Ammoninum CMPDS is an example of what level of Disinfection?
Low Level
Fusion, Endocytosis, and Translocation are all examples of what type of penetration?
Viral Penetration
The most common type of Viral penetration is ____ in which internalization of coated pits occur at the cell membrane.
Endocytosis
You're a disease: Here is your mission, if you choose to accept it:
1. Get Enveloped with a RNA Virus, with reverse transcriptase for replication.
2. Then, harbor yourself in Macrophages, until you're transferred to T calls in the lymph nodes where you will cause a.. LYTIC INFECTION!!! What disease are you??

**hint- progression moves from acute stage to latency within one year.
HIV with a single patient.
These are Non- nucleoside RT (reverse transcriptase) inhibitors (NNRTI’s):
Sustiva Category
What is the first step in this crazy little thing called replication??
Viral attachment to the cell membrane (cause if you dont have attachment to something, what do you got? NOTHING! =)
This occurs once a virus has entered the host and inserted its viral DNA, which then changes the host DNA who will now produce new viruses!
So the virus changes everything for the DNA!
Transformation
HIV (of the should you choose to accept this mission fame) must watch out for ____, which will BLOCK MATURATION OF HIV!!!
Protease Inhibitors
Protease Inhibitors are used with NRTIs or NNTRI of the _____category?
Sustiva
If it ends in "-vir" it means it's a??

**Hint: ____ inhibitor
Protease Inhibitor
For bacteria growth, time is required to adapt to the new environment before they begin dividing.

So, we're like bacteria, we need time to adapt to PA School, before we start dividing up and going to separate places! And since we can't really explore Miami, we're just ____ around.
LAG phase
The bacteria stops growing during this phase because the medium runs out of nutrients and metabolites or a toxic substances builds up in the medium.

Once we (bacteria) get used to Miami and have explored all the places to see here, we'll become _____ and not want to do anything.
Stationary phase!
These are thought to be the first line of defense against viral infection and it shuts down protein synthesis.

So, you only want to call them in on emergencies because otherwise they'll just interfere with the other protein synthesises!
Interferon
Interferons come to your house to fight viral infections, but they belong to the ____ Department, a large class of ____proteins. This enables them to fight protein synthesis, since they are a protein too!
Cytokine. Glycoproteins.
When are Interferons called in to respond to a viral infection? Who is Enemy No. 1??
Double-stranded RNA
Interferons assist in the immune response by stopping the viral replication within host cell and they activating your ____ ____ instincts (cells) and the big phages called _____?

Interferons also increase Antigen presentation to lymphocytes and induce resistance to viral infection.
Natural Killer Cells and Macrophages.
This is the process of genetic exchange between two genomes:

**Hint- you just get together in a different combination!
Recombination
During one cycle of Polio, 10 to ___% of genomic RNAs recombine.
10-20%
Recombinants of oral polio vaccine are isolated from vaccinated patients. True or False?
TRUE!!
Streptococcus Pyogenes have what shape and what kind of bacteria?

Hint- Strep of coccus.
P genes (Yo! making me spin!)
strips of cocci, Gram Positive Bacteria
In this terrible syndrome: 1928 Australia: 21 children injected with Staph. Contaminated vaccine (12 died)
1980 it happened to women!

Fever, hypotension, diffuse macular erythematous rash appears!
Multiple organs, skin desquamates
90% of adults have this?
Toxic Shock Syndrome TSST-1 toxin of Staph
**Special Report on the Dangerous Activities of a new threat to the Neighborhood**

This is a special (ie-DANGEROUS) group of toxins that activate T cells by binding simultaneously to T cell receptors and MHC II molecule in another cell without requiring an antigen.

This means that activating T cells can trigger life threatening autoimmune like response by stimulating the release of large amt of interleukin.

Also can lead to death of the activated Tcell and resulting in the loss of their immune response!

They call themselves?
Superantigens
(Continued Special Report on the dangerous activities of the new threat to the neighborhood):
Some of the known members of this dangerous group are:
1. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin of S.Aureus- which goes by the street name of "TSST"
2. Staphylococcal Enterotoxins
3. Erythrogenic toxin A or C of S.pyogenes (P genes Yo!)
Superantigens!
This is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections-
Gancyclovir
What makes Gancyclovir so Fancy?

1. it has an additional hydroxymethal group in the acyclic side chain.
2. it has activity against CMV
3. It has bone marrow toxicity.
4. It's use is limited to CMV infections in ___ patients.
AIDS Patients
This is a Fusion of viral infected cells, causing a large mass of cells which are incapable of functioning normally. This may occur after the virus has been released.

So- imagine a city where a fusion of vile people meet in a club and due to their sinful activity are unable to function normally?
Syncytia! Syn-Cyti-A!!
Some people see this drug as a DNA polymerase inhibitor.

Others see it as a "Silver Bullet" only effective in tissue with Herpes Simplex.

(Hint- A Silver Bullet? Isn't that a bit of a psycho veering thinking?)
Acycolvir- A psycho-vir
This is the exchange of genes via segmented genomes.

(**Hint- You've resorted to this??)
Reassortment
What method does Influenza A use to infect stuff?

What does Influenza A cause?

And which two groups does it go between?

**Hint- It'll In-FLEW-Endza-ya!
Reassortment!

Causes influenza in birds.

Can go from Animal to Humans.
SSSS stands for:
Staph s____ skin s_______ (Exfoliative toxin mostly seen in children. Antibodies to the toxin develop after exposure)
Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome
This is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. They can carry virulence factors and can make bacteria drug resistant.

(Hint- Warning- this is ridiculous, so if you arent fond of the ridiculous, don't read!! =)
All the letters in this word are attached to each other, but one letter has a separate part which represents its function since it's an extra-chromosomal DNA?)
Plasmid
Assembly and Inclusions are associated with?
Cervical Herpes.
____ Scraping shows Giant Multinucleated Cells with Inclusions!!

On a side note- what are inclusions by the way?
Cervical Scraping

Glycogen granules in the liver and muscle cells, lipid droplets, ectectra!! =)
Respiratory infections are bad.. there's Local and then there's General!

Here in Miami, Leo the Patient comes in with the Rhinovirus, Influenza, or Adenovirus. (The A.I.R is better)

If you move away to anywhere in the US, George the Patient has the measles, Rubella, or Varicella. (V.Ru.M??)

Which is which?
Leo- Local
George- General
This may cause fibrin layer around abscess, “clumping factor”.

And it converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.

(Hint- You want to Clog up the Hole!)
Coagulase
What do you need to convert Peroxide to Water and Oxygen?

(Hint- You need something to catalyze yourself!)
Catalase
Through ICAM-1 you can see the viral attachment protein of?

(Hint- Only through I-Cam 1, not other cameras!)
the Rhinovirus!
These are the (baddd) proteins that are released by Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Exotoxins
Severe (baddd) diseases caused by the (baddd) proteins released by Gram + and - Bacteria are:
anthrax
botulism
tetanus
cholera

(Hint- Ridiculous Warning:
think of the song "Toxic" or Toxins by B for Britney or Bacteria!
Bacteria Exotoxins
The Local and General infections of the Alimentary Tract: (cause you're really ailing now!)

In Miami, Leo the Patient came in previously with A.I.R (which were respiratory), but now he's got alimentary infections and (he's gone Republican!) : R.A.N.C
Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Norwalk, Calcivirus
**Think all of these have an A for Alimentary
Local Alimentary Tract Infection
Now you've moved out to the US and George the Patient comes to you with Enterovirus (Polio), Hep A, or Hep E.

George doesn't want to ENTERTAIN any Hippi-A or Hippi-E from you!
General Alimentary Tract
Take a Deep Breath and now answer:

What kind of bacteria can be ingested or INHALED ?!

Salmonella (from Salmons)
Shigella (from Shigells)
Yersinia (from Yersins)
E.Coli
Clostridium Botulinum
Bacillus Cereus
Listeria

(Hint if you have to guess, there are more Ingested Bacteria!)
Ingested!
When you took that deep breath, did you get any of the following?
Mycobacterium, Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Streptococcus??

No?? Good! What kind of bacteria would that have been?
Inhalation Bacteria
Clostridium tetani- this is a bacteria that likes to tetani with the hand!
Trauma Bacteria
Staph Aureus, and Psuedomonas are bacteria we need to worry about in the hospitals while we're working because they're transferred by?
Needlestick
What kind of bacteria do you get from Sex?
Gonnorrhoeae, Chlamydia, and Treponema Pallidum
The exchange can occur between unrelated bacteria and it is the major mechanism for transfer of antibiotic resistance.

Two Bacteria meet at a bar,
P+ and P-. P+ says to P-, you want to ____ at my place?No? You must be displaying your antibiotic resistance!
Conjugation
What allows bacteria to stick?

(Hint- Bacteria is throwing a pslumber party and wants everyone to stick around. So, she throws around some pillows and films to entice everyone to stay!
Pili and Biofilms.
What category does Trimeth-sulfa fall in?

"Trimeth-sulfa" goes to apply for a job at a company. Which position do you think he's most qualified for? His qualifications include: disrupting folic acid synthesis and being generally anti-eating.
Antimetabolite
This is a method of viral transmission- a localized infection and it's seen in respiratory/coughing viral transmission or skin transmission.
Localized Shedding.. only the local area gets infected!
So, tell me what kind of shedding is occurring in each of the following and is it local or general?:
a. Pneumonia
b. Sores from Herpes
c. Polio
d. Blood, semen HIV
a- Localized Respiratory shedding
b- Localized Skin shedding
c- General by fecal/oral
d- General by secretions
How antibodies block viral replication?

(Hint- First step)
Antibodies block attachment and viral assembly
The bacteria "Bacillus Cereus" asks: Are you serious?? How will I ever tell you what my shape is and what kind of gram bacteria I am and the huge thing I ultimately create??

(Hint- The LLs are in the same shape as the bacteria.
The "b" in Bacillus is an upside-down... and this puts the S in Serious.
Rod shaped,
Gram Positive Bacteria
Spores
In Anatomy, we learned about the eye and this thing called "Chalazon or Sty" which is a _____ infection of the inner eyelid.
Staph
This infections is very Drug Resistant, resistant to Mom's best cleaner or disinfectant, and become hearty organisms (except they dont have a heart when it comes to how seriously dangerous they are!)
Staph Infection
What percent of Acute Osteomyslitis is due to staph?
80%
what activates T cells and calls in Cytokine release?
Superantigens
What kind of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Gram Positive (P for Peptidoglycan and Positive)
IF you're a virus that's Enveloped, covered up, ready to be mailed (just kidding!) are you:
More susceptible or resistant?

(Cause everyone wants to open the package)
More susceptible!
If you're a virus that's going around naked, you're more?
susceptible or resistant
(everyone sees what's inside that package)
Resistant!
How is the bacterial genome arranged in a cell?

One T, surrounded by two A's with a B
Single, Double Stranded, and Circular DNA
This is the protein shell of a virus that encloses genetic material and protects it.

Vital component of infection (host cell recognition)

(So the virus is captured in a protective shell and waits until it recognizes its infectious soul mate, and then breaks open.
Capsid
What kind of bacteria has a periplasmic space?

(periplasnic space)
Gram Negative
Immune significance of peptidoglycan?

It likes to Pry by complimenting and attracting neutrophils!
it's a Pyrogen, activates complement system and attracts PMNs (neutrophils) pyogenic
What word defines viral replication?

(Super cool? or as Melanie would say Ten Thousand!)
Exponential

once inside can replicate and release tons more into the surrounding area of which each new virus can do the same
This Toxin is a lipid A, which is a piece of the outer membrane (LPS) of gram ______ bacteria. It is release when the bacterial cells undergoes lysis. It is a normal part of the outer membrane that sort of sheds off
Endotoxin- Gram Negative!
This is the inihibition of protein synthesis by ribosomes and leads to cell death-

Hint- Cause you're dipping into the urea
Diptheria
This increases cAMP activity, leads to loss of nutrients, water, ions to diarrhea
Cholera
This inhibits inhibitory actions of the nerve pathways to skeletal muscles, causes increased stimulation /excitatory transmission
Tetanus
This Blocks or (blotches up the) release of Ach vesicles from pre-synapitc membrane therefore blocking stimulation of muscles. Binding of these toxins is irreversible, have to wait for nerve body regeneration.
botulism
This category has 100x more affinity to RT than host DNA polymerase.
Bone marrow toxicity.
Reistance: mutations in RT
AZT Category
Drug resistance
-Antigenic changes
-Changes in host-cell recognition
-Enzyme deficiency
-Conditional Lethality
-Plaque Morphology

are all what kind of outcomes of genetic mutations?
Phenotypic
Nt = No x 2 t/d

Nt=
No=
t=
d=
Nt- # of bacteria after time
No- original # of bacteria.
t= time
d= doubling time
the process of genetic exchange between two genomes is called?
Intermolecular Recombination
This type of virus has high mutability (ex: HIV) which fools the immune system
RNA virus
This type of virus is stable (ex. chickenpox) and remains with the host (humans only)
DNA Virus
What is the viral attachment protein for influenza A?

(Hint- "In" from influenza is the ending part of ______"
Hemaglutinin
What is the viral attachment protein for HIV?
gp120

**G=Global
P=Problem
1 out of 20 (just an example!)

so, a Global Problem that 1 our of 20 people have!
How can bacteria become drug resistant?
due to Plasmids, which is an extrachromosomal DNA.
Nosocomial spread means it's spread to ____ patients, ____ personnel, and needle users.

What percent of healthy adults are nasopharyngeal carriers?
(We're gonna be "nose to the grindstone when we start working here" after graduation)
Hospital patients and medical personnel

15% (eww!)
This is the direct transfer of bacteria through utensils, instruments, ect.

"Fo-sure"

What percent of Staph.Aureus bacteria comes from hospital surgeries and catheters?
Fomite

50%
This is the function of this structure in which the Slime layers that inhibit phagocytosis or mimic host tissue.

Made of simple sugar residues except bacillus anthracis, it is slippery and can escape immune recognition.

Enable bacteria to be more virulent because macrophages and neutrophils are unable to phagocytize the buggers!
Capsule!
How is a eukaryotic genome arranged in a cell?
Double Stranded DNA
How are genes arranged in bacteria?
Double Stranded DNA Molecule that's closed in a giant Loop.
Where does this type of viral spread occur: Microfold cells are located in the Peyer's patch and are able to sample antigens and bring them back to t-cells.
Placenta
What category is penicillin in?

(Hint- "p" is an upside down "b" and it has lot's of i's!)
B-Lactamse Inhibitor. Disruption of the cell wall.
large group of related genotypes that exist in an environment with a high mutation rate
quasispecies
Jumping genes. Sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of a single cell and in the process can cause mutations and change the amount of DNA in the genome. They can carry genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence factors.
Transposon
Antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection. Antibacterials are ____ that only act against bacteria.
Antispetics
Through mouth, nose, respiratory tract, ears, eyes, urogenital tract, and anus. Also if there is a tear in the skin or tumor or ulcer in the bowel are all portals of?
Portals of entry!
Inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis
Bactericidal for mycobacterium tuberculosis
Very active against
aerobic gram positive cocci including strep and staph
Rifampin
class of antiviral drugs targeted at the influenza viruses whose mode of action consists of blocking the function of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus preventing the virus from budding from the host cell (reproducing).
TamiFLU!
What provides motility to bacteria?
flagella!

Are you jellin? I'm flagellin!!
TSS (toxic shock syndrome), skin infxn, carbuncles and wound infxn, bacteremia and endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, catheter infxn, prosthetic joint infxn, UTIs
are all clinical diseases associated with?
Staph!!
This is a Broad spectrum drug that:
Inhibits protein synthesis
reversible binding to 30S
brown teeth in children
Tetracycline
What is the CDC's advice on the use of antimicrobials?
Use them WISELY!!

minimize broad spectrum antibiotics, dont use when infection is unlikely, when cultures are negative, or when infection has resolved itself. (same idea as antibiotic use)
This drug from the glycopeptide category: 1. Disrupts the cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis (cell wall synthesis).
2. Inactive against gram negative
3. Used for the management of oxacillin resistant staph
Vancomycin
Are all of the following examples of bacterial adhesions?
Adhesions, fimbriae (pili), lipoteichtoic acid, biofilm (artificial valves, indwelling catheter)
TRUE or YES!!
This pressure is where all cells without the drug-resistant gene are killed. Drug-resistant cells will thrive, replicate.
selective pressure.
Taking antibiotics for a viral infection (cold/flu) will not kill the virus. It will introduce selective pressure on bacteria in your body; inadvertently selecting for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. So basically you want your bacteria to be “antibiotic virgins” so if they get out of hand and cause an infection that your immune system can’t handle, they can be killed by a readily available antibiotic.
-in short, wiping out normal flora gives resistant bacteria a chance to thrive.
this is selective pressure.
Various viral infections, such as rabies, nasal infections may also spread via olfactory route into the brain.
Spread along neurons to the brain.
A reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Survival mechanism and resistance to environmental conditions.
Bacillus (aerobic) and clostridium (anaerobic).

Metabolic dormant form of a bacteria resistant to heat, cold, drying and chemical agents which form when there is a shortage of needed nutrients and can lie dormant for years.
Can only be killed by pressure (autoclave) and heat.
SPORES!!!
Which has a nucleus and mitochondia and are animals, plants, and fungi?
Eukaryotes
Which is a lack of nucleus and other organelles, smaller ribosomes, meshlike peptidoglycan layer (helps differentiate between Gram+ and Gram-)
Prokaryotes
RNA polymerase inhibitor, broad spectrum, works by introducing too many mutations in RNA:
Ribavirin
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Bacteriostatic
Blocks polypeptide elongation
its an aminoglycoside so inhibits protein synthesis
Erythomycin
Prevents fusion of HIV. Injection twice daily. Used for drug resistant HIV infections. Linear 36 aa synthetic peptide
Fuzeon
what kind of bacteria has endotoxins???
LPS- Gram Negative Bacteria