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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which type of microbe would be most resistant to killing by germicides?
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Bacillus endospores
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Exposure to 63 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes of 72 degrees for 15 seconds, are recognized ways to
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pasteurize
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the use-dilution test is a method designed to measure the
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efficacy of a disinfectant
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non-ionizing radiation
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causes pyrimidine dimers to form in DNA
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What is the main description of these antimicrobials
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disruption of cytoplasmic membranes
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What is the main description of sufonamides, amantamidine, protease inhibitors
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inhibit metabolic pathways
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What is the main description of beta-lactams (penicillins), vanconycin
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inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis
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What is the main function of these drugs: nucleoside analogs (AZT), quinolones, rifampin
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inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
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What is the main function of aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and erythromycin?
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inhibition of protein synthesis
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What kind of blood cell has granules that contain histamine and stain blue with methylene blue; involved in inflammation and allergies?
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basophils
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What kind of blood cell has granules that stain red to orange with acidic dye eosin; important in resistance to parasites
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eosinophils
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what kind of blood cell are agranulocytes important in adaptive immunity; exist in 3 varieties: T, B and NK
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lymphocytes
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What kind of blood cells are granules that stain lilac; most abundant leukocyte in circulation; a major phagocytic cell?
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neutrophils
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What kind of agranulocyte which eventually leaves the blood and matures into one of many different types of macrophages
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monocytes
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Kupffer cells, microglial cells, and alveolar (dust) cells are all types of:
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macrophages
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What is mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients and proteins; minus the clotting factor is called serum; is what is left when cells are removed from un-coagulated blood
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plasma
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antibodies activate
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the classical complement pathway
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Which complement component is polymerized to yield the bulk of the membrane attack complex?
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C9
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What causes the generalized fever response?
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pyrogen
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What is the only class of antibody which is not secreted; and found only on the surface of B cells
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IgD
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What antibody is the only major immunoglobulin in secretions; usually found as a dimer?
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IgA
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What antibody binds avidly to mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies?
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IgE
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What is the first antibody produced to a new antigen; usually found as a pentameter?
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IgM
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What is the most common class of antibody in the blood; can cross the placenta?
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IgG
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Define immunodiffusion/Ouchterlony
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soluble antigen and antibody diffuse toward each other in an agarose gel producing line of precipitation
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Define ELISA
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a quantitative test that uses an enzyme-linked antibody; used to screen donated blood for HIV infection
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Define radial immunodiffusion
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diameter of precipitation ring in a gel containing a known amount of antibody determines the concentration of antigen
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Define Immunoelectrophoresis
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a precipitation test that can be used to siumultaneously identify many antigens at once; commonly performed on human serum
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define hemagglutination
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used to determine blood type in humans
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What type of reaction is this: cytotoxic reactions such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
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type II hypersensitivity
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What type of hypersensitivity is this: delayed or cell-mediated; contact dermatitis like poison ivy or a positive tuberculin skin test
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Type IV hypersensitivity
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What type of hypersensitivity is this: immediate reactions such as hay fever, asthma, and anaphylactic shock?
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Type I hypersensitivity
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What type of hypersensitivity is this: immune complex diseases such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, golmerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis
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Type III hypersensitivity
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a tissue graft transplanted between genetically distinct members of the same species is most correctly termed a(n):
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allograft
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methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and cyclosporine are all:
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immunosuppressive drugs used to treat graft rejections
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What is chronic granulomatous disease (GCD)
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a mutation results in the inability of phagocytes to destroy engulfed microbes. Patients suffer from recurrent bacterial and fungal infections
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Define graves' disease
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autoantibodies bind to, and stimulate thyroid receptors causing the thyroid to produce excessive amounts of hormonse which ramps up metabolism causing bulging eyes, fatigue, and weight loss
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What is DiGeorge syndrome?
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genetic defect that prevents the formation of the thymus. Patients lack T cells and suffer from overwhelming viral infections
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What is Multiple Sclerosis?
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Autoreactive cytotoxic T cells develop which destroy the myelin sheaths that insulate nerves. This results in a chronic relapsing/remitting disease characterized by loss of motor functions
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What are Chemotherapeutic agents?
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drugs that act against diseases
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What are antimicrobial agents?
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drugs that treat infections
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What are antibiotics?
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antimicrobial agents produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes
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What are synthetics vs. semi-synthetics
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synthetic- manmade in lab
semi-synthetic- microorganism enhanced |
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Who discovered penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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Who had the magic bullet?
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Ehrlich - arsenic
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Who discovered sulfanilamide and what is it used for?
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Domagk
First antimicrobial agent used to treat wide array of infection |
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What is the key to antimicrobial action
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selective toxicity
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What type of drugs constitute largest number and diversity of antimicrobial agents?
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antibacterial
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What type has the least amount of antimicrobial agents?
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antivirals
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What is the mode of action for these antimicrobials: Penicillins, cephalosporins, vancomycin, penems?
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inhibition of cell wall synthesis
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What is the mode of action of these antimicrobials:
50s inhibitors: Eyrthromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol 30s inhibitors: Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides |
inhibit protein synthesis
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what is the mode of action of these antimicrobials: Quinolones, rifampin, sulfa drugs
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Inhibit Nucleic acid Metabolism
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What is the mode of action of these antimicrobials: Nystatin, Amphotericin B, Polymyxins
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Alter Cell Membrane Permeability
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Which antimicrobials inhibit cell wall synthesis?
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wancomycin, bacitracin, penicillins, cephalosporins
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Which antimicrobials inhibit folic acid metabolism?
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trimethroprim, sulfonamids
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Which antimicrobials inhibit cytoplasmic membrane structure?
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polymyxins
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Which antimicrobials inhibit DNA gyrase?
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quinolones
ciprofloxacin |
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Which antimicrobials inhibit DNA-directed RNA polymerase?
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Rifampin
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Which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis 50S?
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erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
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Which antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis 30S?
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tetracyclines, streptomycin
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What drugs is the mode of antimicrobial action inhibition of tRNA protein synthesis?
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mupirocin, puromycin
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How does inhibition of cell wall synthesis work?
What are the most prominent type? |
inhibits by preventing cross-linkage of NAM subunits- cell eventually lyses
Beta-lactams |
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Simplest beta-lactams (monobactams) – effective only against _______________
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aerobic Gram-negatives
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Ergosterol in fungi cell wall are killed by
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amphoterian B
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what drug treats HIV?
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AZT - inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
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What drug treats herpes?
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ACV
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What describes the ideal antimicrobial agent?
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Readily available
Inexpensive Chemically stable Easily administered Nontoxic and nonallergenic Selectively toxic against wide range of pathogens |
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Resistance by bacteria acquired in 2 ways
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New mutations of chromosomal genes
Acquisition of R-plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
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define sterilization
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The complete absence of life
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Define disinfectants
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Destruction of vegetative pathogens; usually on inanimate objects
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Define -cides
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Agents which kill
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define -static
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Agents which prevent growth
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Define Sepsis
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Bacterial contamination & growth
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Define antiseptic
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Agent which destroys vegetative pathogens; usually on living tissue
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Define sanitation
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Lowering bacterial counts to safe public health levels
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moist heat under pressure
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steam autoclave (121 C for 20 min)
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moist heat not under pressure
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pasteurization (63 C for 30 min or 72 C for 15 sec)
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dry heat
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oven (170 C for 2 hrs)
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heat and chemical vapor
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Chemiclave (132 C for 20 min using 15 psi of alcohol/formaldehyde vapor)
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What kind of viruses have greater tolerance of environmental insults?
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nonenveloped viruses
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microbial susceptibility to biocides
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enveloped viruses and gram positive bacteria - most susceptible
Mycobacteria, spores and prions- most resistant |
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how do you evaluate: Use-Dilution Test -
Suspension Tests – In-Use Tests – |
AOAC
Log reductions Samples taken before and after disinfection |
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moist heat is used to:
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Used to disinfect, sanitize, and sterilize
Boiling Autoclaving Pasteurization Ultrahigh-Temperature Sterilization |
