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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Main types of microorganisms
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bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, viruses
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bacteria
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small single cell prokaryotic
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algae
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eukaryotic organisms with no roots/stems/leaves, but chlorophyll for carrying out photosynthesis. can me multi or unicellular. unicellular is typically in water
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protozoa
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eukaryotic organism, unicellular and microscopic, moves independently
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helminths
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parasitic worms-cause disruption of the hosts nutrient absorption by utilizing all nutrients that pass through the intestinal tract
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virus
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parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements, dependent on infected host, connected with evolution of microbes and humans. not independently living.
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prokaryotes
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no organelle, no nucleus. Has cell wall containing cellulose. about 10x smaller than eukaryotes
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eukaryotes
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has nucleus, has organelles. no cell wall
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human uses of microbes
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genetic engineering, recombinant dna technology, bioremediation
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genetic engineering
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area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms
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Recombinant DNA Technology
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The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product
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Bioremediation
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the use of microorganisms, either naturally occurring or artificially introduced, to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
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pathogens
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microbes that cause disease
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Helicobacter pylori
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gastric ulcers
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Louis Pasteur
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studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages. Disproved abiogenesis
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monosaccharides
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glucose, fructose
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disaccharides
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maltose, lactose, sucrose
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polysaccharides
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starch, cellulose, glycogen
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triglycerides
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fatty acids + glycerol, fats/oils
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phospholipids
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fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate, membrane components
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waxes
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fatty acids, alcohol- mycolic acid
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Steroids
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ringed structure-cholesterol, ergosterol
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amino acids
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building blocks of proteins
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peptide
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molecule composed of short chains of amino acids
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polypeptide
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contains an unspecified number of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often a smaller subunit of a protein
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primary structure
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the type, number, and order of amino acids in a chain
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secondary structure
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arises when functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. alpha helix & beta-pleated sheet
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tertiary structure
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created by additional bonds between functional groups
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quaternary structure
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formed when more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein
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enzymes
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protein catalysts for chemical reactions in cells
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antibodies
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complex glycoproteins with specific attachment regions for bacteria, viruses, and other microogranisms
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denatured
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a protein becomes denatured if the protein structure is disrupted for some reason
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components of a nucleotide
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sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base
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DNA Function/Characterisitics
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contains the special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms heredity
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DNA base pairs
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A - T, G-C
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RNA Functions/Characterisitics
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"helper" molecules responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating the DNA program into proteins
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Bases in RNA
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A, U, G, C
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3 Types of RNA
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trna (transfer) , mrna (messenger) , rrna (ribosomal)
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Components of ATP/function
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adenine, ribose, three phosphates- energy for cellular work
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binomial nomenclature
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scientific/specific name is a combination of the genus and species name
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Major characteristics of prokaryotes
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lack of nucleus and histones, peptidoglycan make up cell wall, lack of membrane bounded organelles
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cytoplasmic membrance-prokaryote
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a thin sheet of lipid and protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell pool
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chromosome/nucleoid (prok)
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composed of condensed DNA molecules. DNA directs all genetics and heredity of the cell and codes for all proteins
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ribosomes (prok)
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tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis
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cytoplasm (prok)
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water-based solution filling the entire cell
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Fimbraiae (prok)
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Fine, hairlike bristles extending from the cell surface that help in adhesion to other cells and surfaces
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Outer membrane (prok)
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Extra membrane similar to cell membrane cell membrane but also containing popolysaccharide
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Cell Wall (prok)
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bacterial cell wall is made out of peptidoglycan. semirigid casing that provides structural support and shape for the cell
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Pilus (prok)
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pili facilitate genetic exchange during conjugation, elongated hollow appendage used in the transfer of DNA to other cells
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Capsule (prok)
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coating or layer of molecules external to the cell wall. Serves protective, adhesive, and receptor functions. may fit tightly or be loose and diffuse. also called slime layer or glycocalyx
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Plasmid (prok)
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Double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes
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Flagellum
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specialized appendage attached to cell by basal body that holds a long, rotating filament. Provides motility
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Coccus
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spherical/ball shaped
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Bacillus
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Rod, cylindrical
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Vibrio
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a rod that is gently curved
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spirillum
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slightly curled or spiral shaped cylinder
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Spirochete
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spiral celled containing periplasmic flagella, more flexible form that resembles a string
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Characteristics of gram positive cells
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i.Thick peptidoglycanii.Teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acidiii.One membraneiv.Positive=purple, retains stain
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Gram negative cell
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i.Thin peptidoglycanii.Lipopolysaccharidoiii.Two membranes
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Gram stain
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i.CIAS, crystal violet stains purple, iodine facilitates maintenance of the stain, alcohol decolorizing step keeps purple on positive takes color away from gram negative, safranin is a red dye on a gram positive it stays purple, negative will stain pink
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acid fast stain
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i.differential stain used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium. Characterized by wax-like, nearly impermeable cell walls; they contain mycolic acid and large amounts of fatty acids, waxes, and complex lipids. ii.Contain mycolic acid (a wax) iii.Modified Gram-positive structure iv.Must use the acid-fast stain to ID important pathogens causing:1.Tuberculosis & leprosy |
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lipopolysacchardi
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i.Located in the outermost layer of the outer membrane (OM) in gram-negative bacteria
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Lipid A
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stimulates fever and shock in the body (endotoxin)
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lysosome (euk)
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contains enzymes for digesting intracellular food, gets rid of toxins in the cell and cell debris
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Golgi apparatus (euk)
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packaging unit and modification of protein
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mitrochondria
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produces atp
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nucleus
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location site of dna, 1.Nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis2.Chromatin-made of DNA, genetic material
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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v.helps transport materials from the nucleus to cytoplasm, contains ribosomes
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ribosome
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staging area forprotein synthesis
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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involved in nutrient processing
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cell wall
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protection and structure
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centrioles
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aids in cell division
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chloroplasts
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converts energy from sunlight to chemical energy
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flagellum
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aids in cell movement
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cytoskeleton
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cell structure contains actin figments
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primary pathogen
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can sicken healthy people
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opportunistic pathogen
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sickens people who are already weak in some way
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mycoses
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fungal infection
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harmful effects of fungi
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allergies, toxins, opportunistic infections
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beneficial affects of fungi
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Play an essential role in decomposing organic matterForm stable associations with plant roots and increase their ability to absorb water and nutrientsFungi have been engineered to produce large quantities of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids, and vitaminsSome fungi are eaten or used to impart flavoring to food
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heterotrophic
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acquire nutrients from a wide variety of organic substrates
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saprobic
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obtains nutrients from dead plants and animals
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parasitic
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grow on the bodies of plants and animals that are living
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fungal morphology
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Cells of most microscopic fungi grow in loose associations or colonies
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mycelium
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mass of hyphae that make up mold
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septa
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allow flow of organelles and nutrients to adjacent compartments in a cell
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non septae hyphae
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one long continuous cell
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vegetative hyphae
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responsible for the visual mass of growth
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reproductive/fertile hyphae
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produce spores
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characteristics of spores
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responsible for reproductioncan be dispersed through the environment by air, water, and living thingswill germinate upon finding a favorable substrate and produce a new fungus colony in a short time
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characteristic of protozoa
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single cell, mostly harmless. a few species parasites responsible for hundreds of millions infections every year
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protozoa ectoplasm
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clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection
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protozoa endoplasm
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granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and contractile vacuoles
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giardia lambia
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pathogenic protozoa causing intestinal distress, flagellated
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trichomonas vaginalis
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vaginal symptoms, pathogenic protozoa, flagellated
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plasmodium
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malaria-cardiovascular distress, apicoplexam pathogenic protozoa
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toxoplasma gondii
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flu-like illness, apicoplexam pathogeni protozoa
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flatworms
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can be tapeworms or flukes
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cestodes
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tapeworm
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taenia solium
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pork tapeworm
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nematodes
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flukes
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roundworm
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elongates cylindrical body
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helminth life cycle
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egg is deposited into another host body, then intermediate host then definitive host
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intermediate host
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host where the larvae develops
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definitive host
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adulthood and mating occur here
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obligate intracellular parasites
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can only reproduce if they attach to a certain host cell and mutate its dna to replicate the virus
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Properties of viruses
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classification of viruses
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hosts and diseases they causestructurechemical compositionsimilarities in genetic makeup
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capsid
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virus protein shell
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envelope
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virus external covering
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spikes
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allow viruses to dock with host cell
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virion
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fully formed virus with the potential to infect the host cell
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nucleic acid virus
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dna or rna, never both
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dna virus
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single stranded, double stranded, linear, circular
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rna viruses
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double stranded, single stranded, positive sense, negative sense, retrovirus
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retrovirus
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has its own enzyme to make dna out of rna
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polymerase
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component of virus that synthesizes dna and rna
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replicase
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component of virus that copies rna
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multiplication cycle
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adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release
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adsorption host range
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limited number of host cells a virus can affect
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synthesis DNA viruses
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enter host nucleus
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synthesis rna virus
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replicates in cytoplasm
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synthesis retrovirus
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turn rna genomes into dna
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release stage of multiplication process
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virions are released
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cytopathic effects
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virus caused damage to the cell which alternates microscopic appearance
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inclusion bodies
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masses of viruses or damaged organelles in the nucleus
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syncytia
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fusion of multiple host cells into a single large host cell with multiple nuclei
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persistent infections
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ones that host holds onto, think chicken pox
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chronic latent state
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viruses go into a period of inactivation in the cells, for example herpes in the form of cold sores or genital herpes
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oncogenic viruses
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cancer causing
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transformation
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the effect oncogenic viruses have on cells..it changes the cell surface the chromosomes and it increases the growth rate
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oncogenic examples
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hpv, Epstein barr
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bacteriophage
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viruses that infect and destroy bacteria
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spongiform encephalopathies
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fatal diseases like mad cow disease very chronic illness and degeneration of the brain
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-
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mad cow disease
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prions
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i.distinct protein fibrils in brain tissue bc of the spongioform encephalopathies
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hsv1
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dna virus, cold sores-herpes
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hsv
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dna virus, genital warts-herpes
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varicella zoster virus
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chicken pox/shingles
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papviridae
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hpv, human papilloma virus, dna virus
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Hepadnaviridae
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hepatitis b, dna virus
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Picornaviridae
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hepatitis a, rna virus
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Orthomyxoviridae
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influenza, rna virus
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Retroviridae
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hiv, rna virus
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