Microbiology Test 1 Ksuarez

Front 1

LECTURE 1

Back 1

LECTURE 1

Front 2

I. SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Back 2

I. SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Front 3

What is microbiology?

Back 3

The study of microorganisms

Front 4

What are some microorganisms?

Back 4

Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi, Viruses

Front 5

Prokaryotes:

A. Means ________

B. Possess no _______

C. 2 types?

Back 5

A. Pre-nucleus

B. nucleus

C. Bacteria and Archaea

Front 6

Eukaryotes:

A. Means _______

B. More ____ than prokaryotes

C. Contains a ________

Back 6

A. True Nucleus

B. Complex

C. nucleus

Front 7

Ubiquity:

A. Present _______

B. _______ in size

C. Populous in ______ numbers

D. Live in ______ other organisms cannot

Back 7

A. everywhere

B. small

C. large

D. places

Front 8

II. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS

Back 8

II. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS

Front 9

_______ ________ disproved the theory of Spontaneous Generation

Back 9

Louis Pasteur

Front 10

What two guys made first two microscopes?

Back 10

Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Front 11

About Robert Hooke:

A. What decade?

B. Made _____ lens microscope

C. Could view alive ______ structures

Back 11

A. 1660s

B. single

C. little

Front 12

About Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:

A. Constructed over ___ small microscopes.

B. Could magnify up to ___x.

C. Described ________.

Back 12

A. 250

B. 300

C. "animalcules"

Front 13

Scientific Method:

A. An experimental system developed to answer ______ objectively.

B. Primary aim is to develop a testable _________ (should be a statement).

C. Process of investigation is using _________, ________, and _________.

D. The scientific method relies on a _______ _______.

Back 13

A. questions

B. hypothesis

C. observation, experimentation, reasoning

D. testable hypothesis

Front 14

What does the Germ Theory of Disease state?

Back 14

some diseases are caused by microorganisms

Front 15

_______ _______ developed the aseptic techniques.

Back 15

Joseph Lister

Front 16

________ _______ developed pasteurization, the heating of certain foods/drinks (i.e. wine and beer) to kill microorganisms.

Back 16

Louis Pasteur

Front 17

_____ _____ developed Koch's postulates.

Back 17

Robert Koch

Front 18

There are ___ Postulates

Back 18

4

Front 19

The first postulate states the pathogen should be __A.__ in all cases of disease and __B.__ from healthy animals.

Back 19

A. present

B. absent

Front 20

The second postulate states that the suspected organism should be grown in _____ ______.

Back 20

pure culture

Front 21

The third postulate states that cells from __A.__ _____ of suspected organism should cause disease in ___B.___ animals.

Back 21

A. pure culture

B. healthy

Front 22

The fourth postulate states organism should be ______ and shown to be the same as the original.

Back 22

Reisolated

Front 23

III. MICROSCOPY

Back 23

III. MICROSCOPY

Front 24

What is resolution?

Back 24

Ability to distinguish two objects that are very close together as separate objects.

Front 25

What is focus?

Back 25

A means of moving the specimen closer or further away from the objective lens to render a sharp image

Front 26

What is parfocal?

Back 26

refers to objectives that can be changed with minimal or no refocusing

Front 27

Total Magnification equals A._______ _____ multiplied by the B.________ _____.

Back 27

A. ocular lens

B. objective lens

Front 28

A. LIGHT MICROSCOPES

Back 28

A. LIGHT MICROSCOPES

Front 29

Brightfield Microscope:

A. Most ______ microscope.

B. Illuminates field of view ______ & ______.

Back 29

A. common

B. entirely & evenly

Front 30

Darkfield Microscope:

A. Light is directed ______ the specimen at an _______.

B. ________ cells.

C. Object is _____ and background is ______.

Back 30

A. toward, angle

B. unstained

C. bright, dark

Front 31

Phase Contrast Microscope:

A. Makes _____ and other dense material appear ______

B. Does this by _____ slight differences between the refractive index of material and that of the surrounding material

C. _______ cells

D. _______ contrast

Back 31

A. cells, darker

B. amplifying

C. unstained

D. increases

Front 32

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope:

A. Images appear ___.

B. Depends on differences in the ______ index.

C. ______ cells.

D. _______ contrast.

Back 32

A. 3-D

B. refractive

C. Unstained

D. Increases

Front 33

Fluorescence Microscope:

A. Used to observe cells that are naturally _______ or have been stained or tagged with _______ dyes

B. Project ___ light onto the specimen

C. Fluorescence stands out against a ____ background

Back 33

A. fluorescent, fluorescent

B. UV

C. dark

Front 34

B. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

Back 34

B. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

Front 35

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):

A. _____ details.

B. Beam of electrons scans _____ and _____.

C. ______ is what is observed.

Back 35

A. surface

B. back and forth

C. reflection

Front 36

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):

A. Observes the _____ _____ of cell structure.

B. Beam of electrons passes through the _______ or is _______.

Back 36

A. fine details

B. specimen, scattered

Front 37

IV. Specimen Preparation

Back 37

IV. Specimen Preparation

Front 38

Staining;

Increases ______ for observation.

Back 38

Contrast

Front 39

Types of Stains?

Back 39

Basic and Acidic

Front 40

Basic Stains:

A. Have a ______ charge.

B. Cells have a _______ charge.

C. What do they use to stain?

Back 40

A. positive

B. negative

C. Methylene blue, Crystal violet, Safranin, Malachite green

Front 41

Acidic Stains:

A. Have a _______ charge.

B. _______ by cells because cells are ________.

C. ______ background of slide.

D. Used for ______ staining.

Back 41

A. negative

B. repelled, negative

C. stain

D. negative

Front 42

Methods of Staining?

Back 42

Simple, Differential, Negative, Structural

Front 43

Simple Stain:

A. ______ visualization of specimen

B. Does _____ the organism through heat fixation.

C. So, cannot be used for viewing _______.

D. ______ and ____ procedure

E. Uses a single ___

F. Best used for _______

G. Stains used:

H. Reveals ____, _____, and _______.

Back 43

A. easier

B. kill

C. protozoans

D. quick, easy

E. dye

F. morphology

G. Methylene blue

H. shape, size, arrangement

Front 44

Differential Stains:

A. ________ one group from another

B. Includes ____ stain and ___-____ stain

Back 44

A. distinguishes

B. Gram, Acid-fast

Front 45

V. GRAM STAIN PROCEDURE

Back 45

V. GRAM STAIN PROCEDURE

Front 46

Gram Stain Procedure:

A. Allows ______ visualization.

B. Differentiations between Gram _____ and Gram ________ bacteria

C. ________ procedure

D. ______ margin of error

Back 46

A. easier

B. positive, negative

C. complicated

D. Large

Front 47

Gram Stain Procedure Picture

Back 47

Front 48

Acid-Fast Staining:

A. ______ stain.

B. Specific for _________

C. Contain mycolic acids in their ____ ____.

Back 48

A. Differential

B. Mycobacterium

C. cell wall

Front 49

Endospore:

A. _______ stain.

B. Production of _________

C. Cell morphologies:

D. Cell types:

Back 49

A. Structural

B. endospores

C. Bacillus and Clostridium

D. vegetative, free spore, endospores

Front 50

VI. CELL MORPHOLOGY AND ARRANGEMENT

Back 50

VI. CELL MORPHOLOGY AND ARRANGEMENT

Front 51

A. Primary Cell morphologies:

B. Other morphologies:

Back 51

A. Coccus, Rod (bacillus), Vibrio/Spirals (curved rod)

B. Spirillum, spirochete

Front 52

Cell Arrangements:

A. Primary Arrangements:

B. Additional Arrangements:

Back 52

A. Chains, packets (tetrads), clusters

B. Singles, tetrads, diplococci

Front 53

LECTURE 2

Back 53

LECTURE 2

Front 54

I. PROKARYOTIC SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS

Back 54

I. PROKARYOTIC SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS

Front 55

Most prokaryotes exist as ________ organisms.

Back 55

unicellular

Front 56

Sometimes, prokaryotes act as a group, in ________ or in _______.

Back 56

colonies, biofilms

Front 57

On average, prokaryotic cells are ___ microns. But, they can range from 0.05 to 0.2 microns to 750 microns.

Back 57

1.

Front 58

A. Prokaryotic cells of one species may vary in ____ and ____.

B. This is called ______, caused by variations in cell wall structure.

Back 58

A. shape, size

B. Pleomorphism

Front 59

A. Basic prokaryotic cell shapes?

B. Unusual cell shapes?

Back 59

A. Cocci, Bacilli, Spiral (spirillum & spirochete)

B. star-shaped stella, square haloarcula, curved rod vibrio

Front 60

A. Most bacteria are __________ (maintain single shape).

B. A few are _______ (more than one shape).

Back 60

A. Monomorphic

B. Pleomorphic

Front 61

II. PROKARYOTIC FORM AND FUNCTION

Back 61

II. PROKARYOTIC FORM AND FUNCTION

Front 62

Prokaryotes can be distinguished by eukaryotes by:

A. The way their ____ is packaged.

B. The makeup of their ____ ____ of _______.

C. Their ______ structure (lack of ______- ______ organelles)

Back 62

A. DNA

B. Cell wall, peptidoglycan

C. Internal, Membrane-bound

Front 63

All bacterial cells possess what 4 things?

Back 63

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, one (or a few) chromosome(s)

Front 64

Most bacterial cells possess what 2 things?

Back 64

A cell wall and surface coating called a GLYCOCALYX

Front 65

Some, but not all bacterial cells possess what 8 things?

Back 65

1. flagella

2. pili

3. fimbriae

4. an outer membrane

5. plasmids

6. inclusions

7. endospores

8. intracellular membranes

Front 66

Plasma Membrane (Innermost Layer):

A. Possess _______ ________.

B. ______ portion.

C. No sterols (except mycoplasma), so less ____ than eukaryotic cell membranes.

D. ______, ______, and _______ proteins.

E. Selective ______ allows passage of some molecules but not others.

F. ________ throughout membrane

G. Some molecules require_____ or protein ______ in order to pass through.

H. Enzymes for ____ production.

I. Photosynthetic pigments on foldings (known as mesosome) called _________ or thylakoids.

Back 66

A. phospholipid bilayer

B. interior

C. rigid

D. Peripheral, Integral, Transmembrane

E. permeability

F. selectivity

G. porins, transporters

H. ATP

I. Chromatophores

Front 67

Movement Across Membranes:

Simple Diffusion:

movement of a solute from an area of __A__ concentration to an area of __B__ concentration. It diffuses ___C___ across the membrane.

Back 67

A. high

B. low

C. Freely

Front 68

Movement Across Membranes:

Facilitative Diffusion:

solute combines with a A. ______ ______ in the membrane. It DOES NOT require B. ______ or assistance across the membrane.

Back 68

A. transporter protein

B. energy

Front 69

Movement Across Membranes:

Osmosis:

A. Movement of water across a _____ permeable membrane from an area of ____ water concentration to an area of _____ water concentration.

Osmotic Pressure:

B. The _______ needed to stop the movement of water across the ______.

Back 69

A. selectively, high, low

B. pressure, membrane

Front 70

What are the 3 types of tonicity?

Back 70

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

Front 71

Hypertonic is when _____ moves ______ the cell, causing cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Back 71

water, outside

Front 72

Hypotonic is when _____ moves ____ the cell and may cause cell to burst if wall is weak/damaged.

Back 72

water, into

Front 73

Isotonic is when there is __ ___ ______ of water.

Back 73

no net movement

Front 74

Movement Across Membranes:

Active Transport

A. Active Transport of substances requires a _______ protein and ____.

B. Substance transported is NOT chemically _____.

Back 74

A. transporter, ATP

B. altered

Front 75

Movement Across Membranes:

Group Translocation

A. Group Translocation of substances requires a ______ protein and ___(phosphoenolpyruvate).

B. Substance transported is chemically _____ during transport.

Back 75

A. transporter, PEP

B. altered

Front 76

Cell Wall:

A. Prevent osmotic _____.

B. Made of ________ (in bacteria).

C. _______: Polymer of _______ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).

D. Linked by _______ (amino acid chains).

Back 76

A. lysis

B. peptidoglycan

C. Petidogylcan, disaccharides

D. Polypeptides

Front 77

Gram Staining:

A. Staining technique used to _____ cells (bacteria) based on ____ ____ composition.

B. Gram positive cells have ____ peptidoglycan layer, _____ lipid layer.

C. Gram negative cells have _____ peptidoglycan layer, ____ lipid layer.

Back 77

A. differentiate, cell wall

B. thick, thin (stain purple)

C. thin, thick (stain red, pink)

Front 78

Gram-Positive Cell Walls:

Teichoic Acids

A. Lipoteichoic acid links to ______ ______.

B. Wall teichoic acid links to _________.

C. May regulate movement of _______.

D. Polysaccharides provide ______ variation.

Back 78

A. plasma membrane

B. peptidoglycan

C. cations

D. antigenic

Front 79

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane:

A. Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, ________.

B. Forms the ______ between the outer membrane and the _______ membrane.

C. Protection from _______, ________ (serum proteins promoting phagocytosis), and _______.

D. Possess what 2 lipopolysaccharides?

E. _____(proteins) forms channels through membrane.

Back 79

A. phospholipids

B. periplasm, plasma

C. phagocytes, complement, antibiotics

D. O polysaccharide and Lipid A (endotoxin)

E. Porins

Front 80

Atypical Cell Walls:

Mycoplasmas:

A. Lack ___ _____

B. ______ in plasma membrane

Back 80

A. cell walls

B. Sterols

Front 81

Atypical Cell Walls:

Archaea:

A. Possess no _____

B. Walls of _____ (lack NAM and D amino acids)

C. May appear gram _____ due to lack of _____ or do not gram stain at all.

Back 81

A. Walls

B. pseudomurein

C. Negative, peptidoglycan

Front 82

Atypical Cell Walls:

Acid Fast Cells:

A. Contain high concentration of _____ ____.

B. _____ waxy substance.

C. Prevents ____ uptake.

D. Layers ____ of peptidoglycan

E. Causes _____ of cells due to its sticky nature

Back 82

A. mycolic acid

B. hydrophobic

C. dye

D. outside

E. Clumping

Front 83

Glycocalyx:

A. Viscous, gelatinous polymer external to cell wall. Usually composed of ______, ______, or a combination of both.

B. Makes up _____ of cell wall.

C. Always present?

D. Usually _____.

E. Organized glycocalyx described as a ______.

F. Determined through ______ staining.

G. A slime layer is _____ and _____.

H. Capsules prevent phagocytosis: This contributes to _______.

I. Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS)- Glycocalyx composed of only sugars enabling _____ for survival.

Back 83

A. polysaccharides, polypeptides

B. Outside

C. no

D. sticky

E. capsule

F. Negative

G. unorganized, loose

H. Virulence

I. Attachment

Front 84

Cytoplasm:

A. Cytoplasm is the substance ____ the plasma membrane.

B. Thick and _____.

C. Contains water, proteins, ______, carbohydrates, and ______.

D. No _______ or cytoplasmic streaming (as in eukaryotes)

Back 84

A. inside

B. aqueous

C. enzymes, lipids

D. cytoskeleton

Front 85

A. Inclusion Types (7)

B. Function of inclusions?

Back 85

A.

1. Volutin

2. Polysaccharide Granules

3. Lipid Inclusions

4. Sulfur granules

5. Carboxysomes

6. Gas vacuoles

7. Magnetosomes

B. Energy Reserves

Front 86

Nuclear Area (Nucleoid):

A. Not _____ bound.

B. Contains ____ in helical form, no ________.

C. Known as ______ chromosome.

D. Can be _____, oval or dumb bell shaped (any)

Back 86

A. membrane

B. DNA, histones

C. bacterial

D. round

Front 87

Ribosomes:

A. Smaller in ______ (70S) than in eukaryotes (80S).

B. Function in _____ synthesis

C. Located in ____ and ____ endoplasmic reticulum

D. Only functional when ____ together with mRNA.

Back 87

A. prokaryotes

B. Protein

C. cytoplasm, rough

D. bound

Front 88

External Structures:

A. Fimbriae allow ________.

B. Aids in bacterial _________.

Back 88

A. attachment

B. colonization

Front 89

External Structures:

A. Pili are used to ______ ___ from one cell to another (conjugation).

B. ______ than fimbriae

Back 89

A. transfer DNA

B. longer

Front 90

External Structures:

A. Flagella are ____, filamentous appendages for ______.

B. ______ the cell wall.

C. Attached to a _____ hook.

D. Anchored to the wall and membrane by the _____ _____.

E. 3 Basic parts:

Back 90

A. long, motility

B. outside

C. protein

D. basal body

E. Filament, Hook, Basal body

Front 91

Motile Cells:

A. Rotate flagella to ___ or _____.

B. Via rotation of _____ body.

C. Clockwise or _____-clockwise.

D. Requires ______.

E. Move _____ or ____ from stimuli (taxis)

Back 91

A. run, tumble

B. basal

C. counter

D. energy

E. toward, away (Chemotaxis, Phototaxis)

Front 92

Endospores:

A. _____ cells.

B. Endospores form in response to harsh or _______ environmental conditions.

C. Resistant to ______, heat, chemicals.

D. Shapes are _____ and ______.

E. Clostridium cause gangrene, ______, botulism

F. Sporulation: Endospore Formation, Also known as _________.

G. Germination: Return to ______ state.

Back 92

A. Resting

B. unfavorable

C. Desiccation

D. Bacillus, Clostridium

E. tetanus

F. Sporogenesis

G. Vegetative

Front 93

LECTURE 3

Back 93

LECTURE 3

Front 94

I. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS

Back 94

I. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS

Front 95

A. Microbes can only take in dissolved particles across a ________ permeable membrane.

B. Some nutrients enter by ________ diffusion.

C. Microorganisms ________ mechanisms.

Back 95

A. selectively

B. passive

C. transport

Front 96

A. Facilitated diffusion happens in ______ organisms.

B. Active transport happens in _____ organisms.

C. Group Translocation happens in _____ & _____.

D. Endocytosis happens in _____ only.

Back 96

A. all

B. all

C. bacteria & archaea (prokarya)

D. Eukarya

Front 97

Passive Diffusion:

A. Molecules move from region of ______ concentration to one of ______ concentration between the cell's interior and the exterior.

B. H2O2 and CO2 often move across _____ this way.

C. It does not require _______

Back 97

A. higher, lower

B. membranes

C. energy

Front 98

Facilitated Diffusion similar to passive diffusion:

A. Movement of molecules ___ ___ energy dependent

B. Direction of movement is from ____ to ____ concentration.

C. Size of ________ gradient impacts _____ of uptake.

Back 98

A. is not

B. high, low

C. concentration, rate

Front 99

Facilitated Diffusion differs from passive diffusion:

A. Uses _______ bound carrier molecules (permease)

B. ______ concentration gradient is required for significant uptake of molecules.

C. Effectively transports glycerol, sugar, and _____ ____.

D. More prominent in _______ cells than in bacteria or archaea.

Back 99

A. membrane

B. smaller

C. amino acids

D. eukaryotic

Front 100

Active Transport:

A. _____ dependent process

B. ____ or proton motive force used

C. Concentrates molecules _____ cell.

D. Involves _____ proteins (permeases)

E. Carrier ______ effect is observed at ____ solute concentrations

Back 100

A. energy

B. ATP

C. inside

D. carrier

E. saturation, high

Front 101

ABC Transporters:

A. Primary _____ transporters uses ATP.

B. ___-______ cassette (ABC) transporters.

C. Observed in ______, _____, and _______.

Back 101

A. active

B. ATP-Binding

C. bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Front 102

Secondary Active Transport:

A. Major ______ superfamily.

B. Use ____ gradients to contrasport substances

C. protons

D. Symport- two substances both move in the _____ direction.

E. Antiport- two substances move in _____ directions.

Back 102

A. facilitator

B. ion

C. protons

D. same

E. opposite

Front 103

Group Translocation:

A. Energy ______ transport that ______ modifies molecule

B. Best known _________ system is phosphoenolpyruvate

Back 103

A. dependent, chemically

B. translocation

Front 104

II. EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS

Back 104

II. EUKARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS

Front 105

Eukaryotic Microorganisms:

A. Prominent members of _________.

B. Useful as ______ systems industry.

C. Some are major human ________.

D. Two groups of eukaryotes commonly possess microbial members?

Back 105

A. ecosystems

B. model

C. pathogens

D. protists and fungi

Front 106

Common Features of Eukaryotic Cells:

A. Membrane-______ nuclei.

B. Membrane-bound _______ that perform specific functions.

C. Intracytoplasmic membrane complex serves as _______ system.

D. More structurally _____ and generally _____ than bacterial or archaeal cells.

Back 106

A. delimited

B. organelles

C. transport

D. complex, larger

Front 107

III. EUKARYOTIC CELL ENVELOPES

Back 107

III. EUKARYOTIC CELL ENVELOPES

Front 108

Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes:

A. Consists of the ______ membrane and all coverings external to it.

B. Plasma membrane is a ______ bilayer.

C. Major membrane lipids include phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and cholesterol, all of which contribute to ______ of membrane.

D. __________ participate in variety of cellular processes.

E. Unlike peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria and archaea, many eukaryotes _____ or have a chemically distinct cell wall.

F. Cells walls of photosynthetic algae have _______, pectin, and silica.

G. Cells walls of fungi consist of cellulose, ______, or glucan.

Back 108

Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes:

A. plasma

B. lipid

C. strength

D. microdomains

E. lack

F. cellulose

G. chitin

Front 109

IV. THE CYTOPLASM OF EUKARYOTES

Back 109

IV. THE CYTOPLASM OF EUKARYOTES

Front 110

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes:

Consists of liquid, the cytosol, and many ________.

Back 110

organelles

Front 111

Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotes:

A. Vast network of interconnected ______ within the cytoplasmic matrix

B. Filaments that form the _______: microfilaments (actin), microtubules, intermediate filaments, and motor proteins.

C. Plays a role in both cell _____ and _______.

Back 111

A. filaments

B. cytoskeleton

C. shape, movement

Front 112

Microfilaments in Eukaryotes:

A. Small _____ filaments, 4 to 7 nm in diameter.

B. Scattered within cytoplasmic matrix or organized into ______ and parallel arrays.

C. Composed of ______ protein.

D. Involved in cell _____ and shape changes.

Back 112

A. protein

B. networks

C. actin

D. motion

Front 113

Intermediate Filaments in Eukaryotes:

A. Heterogenous elements of the ________ ~10 nm in diameter.

B. ______ and vimentin classes.

C. Role in cell is _______.

D. Play ______ role.

E. Some shown to form nuclear ______.

F. Others help link cells together to form ______.

Back 113

A. cytoskeleton

B. keratin

C. unclear

D. structural

E. lamina

F. tissues

Front 114

Microtubules in Eukaryotes:

A. Shaped like thin ________ ~25 nm in diameter of o- and B-tubulin.

B. Help maintain cell ______.

C. Involved with _______ in cell movements.

D. Participate in intracellular _______ processes.

Back 114

A. cylinders

B. shape

C. microfilaments

D. transport

Front 115

V. ORGANELLES OF THE SECRETORY AND ENDOCYTIC PATHWAYS

Back 115

V. ORGANELLES OF THE SECRETORY AND ENDOCYTIC PATHWAYS

Front 116

Secretory Endocytic Pathway:

Intricate complex of membranous _______ and vesicles that _____ materials into the cell from outside, from inside to outside, and within the cell.

Back 116

organelles, move

Front 117

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

Irregular _______ of branching and fusing membranous tubules and flattened sacs.

Back 117

network

Front 118

Rough ER:

A. _________ are attached.

B. Synthesis of secreted proteins by ER-associated _______.

Back 118

A. ribosomes

B. enzymes

Front 119

Smooth ER:

A. _______ of ribosomes.

B. Synthesis of ______ by ER-associated enzymes.

Back 119

A. devoid

B. lipids

Front 120

Functions of ER:

A. _______ proteins, lipids, and other materials within cell.

B. Major site of cell membrane __________.

Back 120

A. transports

B. synthesis

Front 121

Golgi Apparatus:

A. Membranous organelle made of _____ on each other.

B. ____ and _____ faces.

C. Dictyosomes=stacks of _________.

D. Involved in modification, _________, and secretion of materials

Back 121

A. cisternae

B. cis, trans

C. cisternae

D. packaging

Front 122

Lysosomes:

A. Membrane-bound vesicles found in most ________.

B. Involved in intracellular _________.

C. Contain _______, enzymes which hydrolyze molecules and function best under slightly acidic conditions.

D. Maintain an _______ environment by pumping protons into their interior.

Back 122

A. eukaryotes

B. digestion

C. hydrolases

D. acidic

Front 123

The Secretory Pathway:

A. Used to ______ materials to various sites within the cell, as well as to either the plasma membrane or cell exterior.

B. _______ destined for the cell membrane, endosomes, and lysosomes or secretion are synthesized by ______ on rough ER.

C. Targeted to RER lumen and are released in small budding ________ from RER.

Back 123

A. move

B. proteins, ribosomes

C. vesicles

Front 124

The Secretory Pathway:

D. Released in small ______ --> ___ face of Golgi apparatus --> ____ face of Golgi apparatus

E. modification of proteins occurs in _____; targets protein for final destination.

F. Transport vesicles released from ______ face of Golgi

G. After release some vesicles deliver their contents to _____ and lysosomes.

Back 124

D. vesicles, cis, trans

E. Golgi

F. trans

G. endosomes

Front 125

The Secretory Pathway:

H. Two types of vesicles ______ proteins to cell membrane.

I. Constitutive ______ to membrane.

J. ______ vesicles in multicellular eukaryotes store proteins until signal to release.

K. ______ assurance mechanism.

Back 125

H. deliver

I. delivery

J. secretory

K. quality

Front 126

The Secretory Pathway:

L. _____ or ______ proteins are secreted into cytosol, targeted for destruction by ubiquitin polypeptides.

M. Proteasomes _____ targeted proteins.

Back 126

L. unfolded, misfolded

M. destroy

Front 127

The Endocytic Pathway:

Endocytosis:

A. used by all ______ cells

B. used to bring ______ into the cell

C. solutes or particles taken up and ______ in vesicles pinched from plasma membrane

D. in most cases materials are then _____ to lysosome and destroyed.

Back 127

A. eukaryotic

B. materials

C. enclosed

D. delivered

Front 128

Types of Endocytosis:

Phagocytosis:

use of cell surface protrusions to surround and ______ particles.

Back 128

engulf

Front 129

Type of Endocytosis:

Clathrin-dependent (Receptor-Mediated):

clathrin protein-coated pits have external receptors that specifically bind _________.

Back 129

macromolecules

Front 130

Type of Endocytosis:

Caveolae-dependent endocytosis:

may play role in _________ transduction, transport or small as well as macromolecules.

Back 130

signal

Front 131

Autophagy

A. Delivery of materials to be _______ by route that does not involve endocytosis.

B. Macroautophagy involves digestion and _______ of cytoplasmic components.

C. _____ membrane surrounds cell component forming an autophagosome.

D. Autophagosome _____ with a lysosome.

Back 131

A. digested

B. recycling

C. double

D. fuses

Front 132

Once Lysosome Is Formed:

A. Digestion occurs _______ release of lysosome enzymes into cytoplasmic matrix.

B. As contents are digested, products leave the lysosome and can be used as _______.

C. Resulting lysosome called a ______ ____ which can release contents to cell exterior by process called lysosome secretion.

Back 132

A. without

B. nutrients

C. residual body

Front 133

VI. ORGANELLES INVOLVED IN GENETIC CONTROL OF THE CELL

Back 133

VI. ORGANELLES INVOLVED IN GENETIC CONTROL OF THE CELL

Front 134

The Nucleus:

A. Membrane-bound spherical structure that houses _______ material of eukaryotic cell.

B. Contains dense fibrous material called ______.

C. complex of DNA, histones, and other ______.

D. five types of ______ form nucleosomes.

E. The 5 types of histones are?

F. chromatin condenses into ________ during division.

Back 134

A. genetic

B. chromatin

C. proteins

D. histones

E. H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

F. chromosomes

Front 135

Nuclear Envelope:

A. _______ membrane structure that delimits nucleus.

B. ______ with ER

C. Penetrated by nuclear _____.

D. associated proteins make up the nuclear _____ complex.

E. pores allow materials to be _____ into or out of nucleus

Back 135

A. double

B. continuous

C. pores

D. pore

E. transported

Front 136

The Nucleolus:

A. Organelle but not membrane ________.

B. Important in ________ synthesis

C. Directs _____ and processing of rRNA.

D. Directs assembly of ____ to form partial ribosomal subunits.

E. Ribosomes ______ in cytoplasm

Back 136

A. enclosed

B. ribosome

C. synthesis

D. rRNA

E. mature

Front 137

Eukaryotic Ribosomes:

A. ______ than the 70S bacterial and archaeal ribosomes.

B. __S in size

C. __S + __S subunits

D. May be attached to ER or free in ______ matrix

E. 60S is ____ subunit to ER

Back 137

A. larger

B. 80

C. 60, 40

D. cytoplasmic

E. bound

Front 138

Eukaryotic Ribosomes:

F. Protein made on ribosomes of RER are often ______ or ______ into ER membrane as integral membrane.

G. Free _______ synthesize nonsecretory and nonmembrane proteins.

Back 138

F. secreted, inserted

G. ribosomes

Front 139

3 Organelles involved in energy conservation?

Back 139

Mitochondria, Hydrogenosomes, Chloroplasts

Front 140

Endosymbiotic Hypothesis:

A. Mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and chloroplasts are all thought to have _____ from bacterial cells that invaded or were ingested by early ancestors of eukaryotic cells.

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are very similar to ______ bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

Back 140

A. evolved

B. extant

Front 141

Mitochondria:

A. "The ______ ______ of the cell" are found in most eukaryotic cells

B. Site of tricarboxylic acid ____ activity

C. Site where ___ is generated by electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

D. About the same size as _____ cells

E. Reproduce by ______ ______ as do bacterial cells.

Back 141

A. Power House

B. cycle

C. ATP

D. bacterial

E. binary fission

Front 142

Mitochondrial Structure:

Outer Membrane:

Contains ____ similar to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Back 142

porins

Front 143

Mitochondrial Structure:

Inner Membrane:

A. highly _____ to form cristae

B. location of enzymes and electron _____ for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 143

A. folded

B. carriers

Front 144

Mitochondrial Structure:

Matrix:

A. Matrix enclosed by _____ membrane

B. Contains ______ and ________ DNA

C. Contains ______ of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and enzymes involved in catabolism of ____ ____

Back 144

A. inner

B. ribosomes, mitochondrial

C. ribosomes, fatty acids

Front 145

Hydrogenosomes:

A. Small energy conservation organelles in some anaerobic ______

B. Descended from common ______ ancestor

C. Double membrane, no cristae, usually lack ___

Back 145

A. protists

B. mitochondrial

C. DNA

Front 146

Hydrogenosomes:

D. ATP is generated by _____ process rather than respiration

E. CO2, H2, and acetate are _______

Back 146

D. fermentation

E. products

Front 147

Chloroplasts:

A. Type of ______

B. pigment-containing organelles observed in ____ and _____

C. Site of ______ reactions

D. Surrounded by ______ membrane

Back 147

A. plastid

B. plants, algae

C. photosynthetic

D. double

Front 148

Chloroplast Structure:

A. The _____ (a matrix) is within inner membrane

B. Contains, DNA, ______, lipid droplets, starch granules, and thylakoids.

C. 2 steps of photosynthesis:

Back 148

A. stroma

B. ribosomes

C. Light and Dark reactions

Front 149

Thylakoids:

A. ______, membrane-delimited sacs

B. Grana= stacks of ________

C. _____ is site of light reactions

D. _____ is site of dark reactions

E. Algal chloroplasts may contain a ______

F. Participates in _______ synthesis

Back 149

A. flattened

B. thylakoids

C. Thylakoids

D. Stroma

E. pyrenoid

F. polysaccharide

Front 150

VII: EXTERNAL CELL COVERING

Back 150

VII: EXTERNAL CELL COVERING

Front 151

Flagella:

A. ___ to ___ um long

B. move in ______ fashion

Back 151

A. 100, 200

B. undulating

Front 152

Cilia:

A. _ to __ um long

B. beat with ____ phases working like oars

Back 152

A. 5, 20

B. two

Front 153

Ultrastructure of Flagella and Cilia:

A. Membrane-bound cylinders _ um in diameter.

B. ______: set of microtubules in a _+_ arrangement

Basal Body:

C. at ____ of flagellum or cilium

D. directs _____ of flagella and cilia

Back 153

A. 2

B. Axoneme, 9+2

C. base

D. synthesis

Front 154

LECTURE 4

Back 154

LECTURE 4

Front 155

I. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

Back 155

I. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

Front 156

Reproductive strategies of eukaryotic microbes?

Back 156

Asexual, Sexual, haploid or diploid

Front 157

Bacteria and Archaea:

A. ______ only, asexual- binary fission, budding, filamentous

B. All must replicate and segregate the _____ prior to division

Back 157

A. haploid

B. genome

Front 158

II. BACTERIAL CELL CYCLE

Back 158

II. BACTERIAL CELL CYCLE

Front 159

Bacterial Cell Cycle:

A. Cell _____ is sequence of events from formation of new cell through the next cell division

B. Most bacteria divide by _____ fission

C. 2 pathways function during cycle?

Back 159

A. cycle

B. binary

C. DNA replication and partition, Cytokinesis

Front 160

Chromosome Replication and Partitioning:

A. Most bacterial chromosomes are _______

B. Simple _____ of replication- site at which replication begins

C. Terminus- site at which replication is ______, located opposite of the origin

Back 160

A. circular

B. origin

C. terminated

Front 161

Chromosome Replication and Partitioning:

D. Replisome- group of ______ needed for DNA

E. DNA replication proceeds in ____ directions from the origin

F. Origins move to _____ ends of the cell

Back 161

D. proteins

E. both

F. opposite

Front 162

Chromosome Replication and Partitioning:

G. Replisome pushes, or condensation of, daughter chromosome to opposite ____.

H. MreB (murein cluster B)- an actin homolog, plays role in _______ of cell shape as spiral inside cell periphery, and chromosome segregation

I. new _____ associate with MreB tracks

Back 162

G. ends

H. determination

I. segregate

Front 163

Cytokinesis-Septation:

A. _______- formation of cross walls between daughter cells.

Several steps

B. _______ of site for septum formation

C. assembly of _ ring

D. linkage of _ ring to ______ membrane (cell wall)

E. Assembly of ____ ____ synthesizing machinery (CRITICAL STEP)

F. Constriction of cell and ______ formation

Back 163

A. Septation

B. selection

C. Z

D. Z, plasma

E. Cell Wall

F. septum

Front 164

Cellular Growth and Determination of Cell Shape:

A. Determined by _________ synthesis in bacteria

B. Penicillin _______ proteins (PBPs)- link peptidoglycan strands and catalyze controlled degradation for new growth

C. _______- PBP enzymes that degrade peptidoglycan and site new units added

Back 164

A. peptidoglycan

B. binding

C. autolysins

Front 165

III. THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON GROWTH

Back 165

III. THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON GROWTH

Front 166

The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth:

A. Most organisms grow in fairly ______ environmental conditions

Extremophiles

B. Grow under _____ conditions that would kill most other organisms

Back 166

A. moderate

B. harsh

Front 167

Solute and Water Activity:

Changes in ______ concentration in the environment may affect microbial cells

Back 167

osmotic

Front 168

Hypotonic Solution (lower osmotic concentration):

A. water _____ the cell

B. cell swells may _____

Back 168

A. enters

B. burst

Front 169

Hypertonic Solution (higher osmotic concentration):

A. Water ____ the cell

B. membrane ______ from the cell wall (plasmolysis) may occur

Back 169

A. leaves

B. shrinks

Front 170

Reduce osmotic concentration of cytoplasm in _________ solution. (MS channels in plasma membrane allow solutes to leave)

Back 170

hypotonic

Front 171

MicrobesAdapt to Changes in Osmotic Concentrations:

A. Increase ______ solute concentration with compatible solutes to increase their internal osmotic concentration in hypertonic solutions

B. Solutes compatible with metabolism and ______.

Back 171

A. internal

B. growth

Front 172

Extremely Adapted Microbes:

A. ________: grow optimally in presence of NaCl or other salts at a concentration above about 0.2M.

Back 172

A. Halophiles

Front 173

Extremely Adapted Microbes:

Extreme halophiles:

A. require ___ concentrations of 2M and 6.2M

B. extremely ____ concentrations of potassium

C. cell wall, proteins, and plasma membrane require high salt to maintain ______ and activity

Back 173

A. salt

B. high

C. stability

Front 174

pH

A. measure of the relative _____ of a solution.

B. negative logarithm of the hydrogen ____ concentration

Back 174

A. acidity

B. ion

Front 175

__________- growth optimum between pH 0 and ph 5.5

Back 175

Acidophiles

Front 176

________- growth optimum between pH 5.5 and pH 7

Back 176

Neutrophiles

Front 177

_______- growth optimum between pH 8.5 and pH 11.5

Back 177

Alkaliphiles

Front 178

A. Most microbes maintain an internal pH near ________

B. the plasma membrane is ________ to proton

C. exchange _______ for protons

Back 178

A. neutrality

B. impermeable (not allowing fluid to pass through)

C. potassium

Front 179

Acidic Tolerance Response:

A. pump protons ____ of cell

B. some synthesize acid and heat shock proteins that protect ______

C. many microorganisms ______ the pH of their habitat by producing acidic or basic waste products

Back 179

A. out

B. proteins

C. change

Front 180

Temperature:

A. Microbes cannot ________ their internal temperature

B. Enzymes have _____ temperature at which they function optimally

C. High temperatures may _____ enzyme functioning and be lethal

D. Organisms exhibit 3 distinct cardinal growth temperatures:

Back 180

A. regulate

B. optimal

C. inhibit

D. minimal, maximal, optimal

Front 181

Adaptations of Thermophiles:

A. Protein structure _______ by a variety of means, like;

1) more H bonds 2) more prolines 3) chaperones

B. ______- like proteins stabilize DNA

C. Membrane _______ by variety of means, like;

1) more saturated, more branched and higher molecular weight lipids

2) ether linkages (archaeal membranes)

Back 181

A. stabilized

B. histones

C. stabilized

Front 182

Oxygen Concentration:

1. Aerobe:

grows in _______ of atmospheric oxygen (O2), which is 20% O2

Back 182

presence

Front 183

Oxygen Concentration:

2. Obligate aerobe:

_______ O2

Back 183

require

Front 184

Oxygen Concentration:

3. Obligate anaerobe:

usually _______ in presence of O2.

Back 184

killed

Front 185

Oxygen Concentration:

4. Microaerophiles:

_______ 2-10% O2

Back 185

requires

Front 186

Oxygen Concentration:

5. Facultative Anaerobe:

do not require O2 but grow _______ in its presence.

Back 186

better

Front 187

Oxygen Concentration:

6. Aerotolerant Anaerobe:

grow with or without _____

Back 187

O2

Front 188

Basis of Different Oxygen:

Oxygen easily reduced to ______ reactive oxygen species (ROS) like;

1-superoxide radical

2-hydrogen peroxide

3-hydroxyl radical

Back 188

toxic

Front 189

Basis of Different Oxygen:

Aerobes produce ______ enzymes

1-superoxide radical

2-catalase

3-peroxidase

Back 189

protective

Front 190

Strict Anaerobic Microbes:

All _______ anaerobic microorganisms lack or have very low quantities of:

1-superoxide dismutase

2-catalase

Back 190

strict

Front 191

Strict Anaerobic Microbes:

These microbes cannot _________ O2.

Back 191

tolerate

Front 192

Strict Anaerobic Microbes:

A. Anaerobes must be grown _______ O2.

B. work station with _______.

C. _______ anaerobic system.

Back 192

A. without

B. incubator

C. gaspak (provide oxygen free system for growth)

Front 193

Radiation Damage:

1. Ionizing radiation:

A. x-rays and _____ rays

B. mutations --> _____(sterilization)

C. Disrupts chemical _______ of many molecules, including DNA

D. Damage may be repaired by DNA ______ mechanisms if small dose

Back 193

A. gamma

B. death

C. structure

D. repair

Front 194

Radiation Damage:

2. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation:

A. wavelength most effectively ______ by DNA is 260 nm

B. mutations --> _____

C. Causes formation of _____ dimers in DNA

D. Requires direct exposure on microbial ______

E. DNA ______ can be repaired by several repair mechanisms

Back 194

A. absorbed

B. death

C. thymine

D. surface

E. damage

Front 195

IV. MICROBIAL GROWTH IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS

Back 195

IV. MICROBIAL GROWTH IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS

Front 196

Microbial environments are ______, constantly changing, often contain low nutrient concentrations (oligotrophic environment) and may expose a microorganism to overlapping gradients of ______ and ______ factors.

Back 196

complex, nutrients, environmental

Front 197

Biofilms:

A. Most microbes grow _______ to surfaces (sessile) rather than free floating (planktonic)

B. These attached microbes are members of complex, _____ enclosed communities called a biofilm

C. Biofilms are ______ in nature in water

D. Can be formed on any conditioned ______

Back 197

A. attached

B. slime

C. ubiquitous

D. surface

Front 198

Biofilms:

E. A ______ biofilm is a complex, dynamic community

F. Heterogeneity is differences in ________ activity and locations of microbes

G. Interactions occur among the attached _______

Back 198

E. mature

F. metabolic

G. organisms

Front 199

Biofilms:

H. ________ take place metabolically, DNA uptake and communication.

I. The EPS and change in attached organisms' physiology ______ microbes from harmful agents like:

J. __ light, antibiotics, antimicrobials

Back 199

H. exchanges

I. protects

J. UV

Front 200

Biofilms:

K. When formed on _____ devices, such as implants, often lead to illness

L. ______ off of organisms can result in combination of water phase above the biofilm such as in a drinking water system

Back 200

K. medical

L. sloughing

Front 201

Cell to Cell Communication Within the Microbial Populations:

A. Bacterial cells in biofilms communicate in a density-dependent manner called ____ sensing.

B. Produce small proteins that increase in _______ as microbes replicate and convert a microbe to a competent state

C. DNA ______ occurs, bacteriocins are released

Back 201

A. quorum

B. concentration

C. uptake

Front 202

Quorum Sensing:

A. Acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) is an ______ molecule produced by many gram-negative organisms.

B. diffuses ______ plasma membrane

C. once inside the cell, induces ______ of target genes regulating a variety of functions

Back 202

A. autoinducer

B. across

C. expression

Front 203

Quorum Sensing:

A. Processes regulated by quorum sensing ______ host-microbe interactions

B. Symbiosis- Vibrio fischeri and ______ in squid

C. Pathogenicity and increased ______ factor production

D. ___ uptake for antibiotic resistance genes

Back 203

A. involve

B. bioluminescence

C. virulence

D. DNA

Front 204

V. CULTURING MICROBES

Back 204

V. CULTURING MICROBES

Front 205

Culture Media:

A. Need to ____, transport, and store microorganisms in the laboratory

B. Culture media is solid, liquid, or _____ preparation

C. Must contain all the _____ required by the organism for growth

Classification:

1. constituents from which they are made

2. physical nature

3. function

Back 205

A. grow

B. semisolid

C. nutrients

Front 206

Defined Media:

A. Media who's exact _________ composition is known.

B. Usually contain _____ & _____ compounds

Back 206

A. chemical

B. organic, inorganic

Front 207

Complex Media:

A. Media that contains even just one _____ that is not ______

B. Usually contain _______ from plants, animals, or yeasts

Back 207

A. component, definable

B. extracts

Front 208

Physical states of Media:

1. _____ Media- doesn't solidify Ex/ broths

2. _____ Media- at room temp has gel consistency

3. _____ Media- firm Ex/ agar

Back 208

1. Liquid

2. Semisolid

3. Solid

Front 209

Functional Types of Media:

1. ____ Media- for growth of a wide variety of organisms.

2. ____ Media- general purpose media supplemented by blood or other special nutrients Ex/ blood agar

3. ____ Media- selects for a certain or even species of bacteria, allowing certain types of organisms to grow, and inhibits the growth of others.

Back 209

1. General Purpose / Supportive

2. Enriched

3. Selective

Front 210

Functional Types of Media:

4. _____ Media- bacteria that require complex nutrients or growth factors to grow

5. ______ Media- distinguishes one group of bacteria from another

Back 210

4. Fastidious

5. Differential

Front 211

A. ________Media ingredients–Bile salts & crystal violet (Selects for Gram negatives)

B. _____ Media ingredients–Lactose (Differentiates between lactose fermenters)

Back 211

A. Selective

B. Differential

Front 212

__________ is the breakdown of red blood cells

3 types:

1. Alpha-Partial

2. Beta-Complete

3. Gamma-non

Back 212

Hemolysis

Front 213

VI. ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES

Back 213

VI. ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES

Front 214

Isolation of Pure Cultures:

A. Population of cells arising from a ______ cell developed by Robert Koch

B. Allows for the study of single type of microorganism in _____ culture

C. Spread plate, streak plate, and pour plate are techniques used to ______ pure cultures.

Back 214

A. single

B. mixed

C. isolate

Front 215

The Streak Plate:

A. Involves technique of _____ a mixture of cells on an agar surface so that individual cells are well separated from each other.

B. Involves use of bacteriological _____

C. ______ bacteria out to get isolated or individual colonies

D. Each cell can reproduce to form a ______ colony (visible growth or cluster or microorganisms)

Back 215

A. spreading

B. loop

C. Dilutes

D. separate

Front 216

The Pour Plate:

A. Sample is _______ diluted

B. diluted samples are mixed with liquid ____

C. Mixture of cells and agar are _____ into sterile culture dishes

Back 216

A. serially

B. agar

C. poured

Front 217

The Spread Plate:

A. Small volume of diluted _____ containing approx. 30-300 cells is transferred

B. _____ evenly over surface with a sterile bent rod (Isolation technique)

Back 217

A. mixture

B. spread

Front 218

Both the ______ and the _____ Plate techniques may be used to determine the number of viable microorganisms in an original sample

Back 218

Pour, Spread

Front 219

Microbial Growth on Solid Surfaces:

A. Colony ______ that develop when microorganisms are grown on agar surfaces aid in identification

B. Microbial growth in _____ is similar

C. Differences in growth rate from ____ to center is due to:

1. Oxygen, nutrients, toxic wastes

2. Cells may be __D__ in some areas

Back 219

A. characteristics

B. Biofilms

C. edges

D. dead

Front 220

VII. MICROBIAL GROWTH

Back 220

VII. MICROBIAL GROWTH

Front 221

Microbial Growth:

Increase in cellular constituents that may result in:

A. Increase in cell _____

B. Increase in cell _____

C. Growth refers to _____ growth rather than growth of individual cells

Back 221

A. number

B. size

C. population

Front 222

The Growth Curve:

A. Observed when microorganisms are _____ in batch culture

B. Usually plotted as logarithm of cell _____ versus time

C. Has __ distinct phases

Back 222

A. cultivated

B. number

C. 4 (Lag, Exponential, Stationary, Senescence and Death Phases)

Front 223

Lag Phase:

A. Cell synthesizing ____ components

Examples:

1. to replenish spent materials

2. to adapt to new medium or other conditions

B. _____ in length

C. In some cases can be very short or even _____

Back 223

A. new

B. varies

C. absent

Front 224

Exponential Phase:

A. Also called ___ phase

B. Rate of growth and division is _____ and maximal

C. Population is most _____ in terms of chemical and physical properties during this phase

Back 224

A. log

B. constant

C. uniform

Front 225

Stationary Phase:

A. Closed system population growth eventually ceases, total # of ____ cells remains constant

B. Active cells ____ reproducing or reproductive rate is balanced by death rate;

Reasons:

C. Nutrient _______

D. Limited _____ availability

E. Toxic _____ accumulation

F. Critical _____ density reached

Back 225

A. viable

B. stop

C. limitation

D. oxygen

E. waste

F. population

Front 226

Senescence and Death Phase:

Two alternative hypotheses:

A. Cells are ______ But Not Culturable (VBNC)

B. Cells alive, but _______, capable of new growth when conditions are right

Back 226

A. Viable

B. dormant

Front 227

Programmed Cell Death:

fraction of the population genetically _____ to die

Back 227

programmed

Front 228

VIII. MEASUREMENT OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

Back 228

VIII. MEASUREMENT OF MICROBIAL GROWTH

Front 229

Measurement of Microbial Growth:

Direct Measurement-

Direct Cell Counts

A. counting ______

B. electronic ______- flow cytometry

C. on _____ filters

Back 229

A. chambers

B. counters

C. membrane

Front 230

Viable Counting Methods:

Spread and Pour Plate Techniques:

A. ______ sample of bacteria is spread over solid agar surface or mixed with agar and poured into Petri plate

B. After incubation the #s of organisms are determined by counting the # of colonies multiplied by the ____ factor

C. Results expressed as colony forming units or _____

Back 230

A. diluted

B. dilution

C. CFUs

Front 231

Measurement of Cell Mass:

1. Dry Weight

A. ____ consuming and not very sensitive

2. Quantity of a particular cell constituent

Ex/ protein, DNA, ATP, or cholorphyll

B. useful if amount of substance in each cell is ______

3. Turbidometric measures (light scattering)

C. Quick, ____, and sensitive

Back 231

A. time

B. constant

C. easy

Front 232

Which type of bacteria only infect a host when their immune system is compromised?

Back 232

Opportunistic Pathogen

Front 233

Mitochondria is most similar in function to _______.

Back 233

Chloroplasts

(mitochondria producing ATP through the kreb cycle and choroloplast uses photosynthesis do produce glucose) (They are both rod-shaped, both are the main power sources of the organisms, both have their own ribosomes and DNA, both have double-membrane, and both are organelles)

Front 234

Which media is best used for isolating an unknown bacterium?

Back 234

Typic Soy Agar (General Purpose)

Front 235

Aseptic technique is a method of handling microorganisms and materials in a way that minimizes contamination. TRUE OR FALSE?

Back 235

True

Front 236

Prokaryotes can be distinguishes by eukaryotes in what 3 ways?

Back 236

1. Way DNA is packaged

2. Composition of cell wall

3. Internal organelles

Front 237

A. Where are lipids made?

B. Where is ATP made?

C. Where is cell membrane made?

D. Where are proteins made?

E. Where are ribosomes made?

F. Where is polysaccharide synthesis?

Back 237

A. Smooth ER

B. mitochondria

C. ER

D. ribosomes

E. Nucelolus

F. thylakoid

Front 238

A. Where does photosynthesis occur?

B. Where do light reactions happen in chloroplast?

C. where do dark reactions happen in chloroplast?

Back 238

A. chloroplast

B. thylakoids

C. stroma