Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

Give the order of actions in a Gram Stain.

Back 1

prepared smear
Primary stain
Mordant
decolorizer
counterstain

Front 2

How do antibiotics work?
What type of Bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics?

Back 2

they attack the ability of a cell to synthesize new cell wall material (peptidoglycans)

Gram -

Front 3

Where are hopanoids found and what do they do?

Back 3

In cytoplasmic membrane.

they stabilize the structure

Front 4

What kind of membrane proteins are hydrophilic throughout?

Back 4

Peripheral

Front 5

what type of membrane proteins are amphipathic?

Back 5

Integral proteins

Front 6

Describe the Pilus

Back 6

longer than fimbrae
allows bacterial conjugation-- the transfer of plasmids from cell to cell

Front 7

Describe the fimbrae

Back 7

they attach bacteria to solid surfaces.

ex: dental plaques

Front 8

How does the chromosomal DNA attach to the inner side of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Back 8

by Mesosomes

Front 9

Describe the Nucleoid/ Chromosomal DNA

Back 9

1 chromosome per cell
Circular
contains essential genes & sometimes accessory genes
Chromosome must be unwound before replication/expression can occur

Front 10

Name 4 cytoplasmic structures

Back 10

Plasmids
Endospores
Ribosomes
Inclusions

Front 11

Describe Plasmids

Back 11

they are circular and contain non-essential genetic info. they DO carry genes though

Front 12

What do Ribosomes do?

Back 12

synthesize proteins// translation

Front 13

describe endospores

Back 13

they develop in dormant cells during unfavorable growth conditions
they protect against extremes of environment: UV, pH, chemicals, dehydration

they contain dipicolinic acid, unique to endospores. aids in heat resistance

Front 14

what are inclusions?

Back 14

Granuoles and Vacuoles formed for storage purposes?

Front 15

What would be an example of a Complex Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 15

Nutrient Broth/Agar
Blood Agars

can contain meat or yeast extracts, or protein digests

Front 16

What would be an example of a Chemically defined Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 16

one that contains pure chemicals like NaCl, Glucose, or MgSO4

THey are buffered to keep a neutral pH.

Front 17

What would be the purpose of a Selective Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 17

Allowing the growth of only certain types of organisms while stopping the growth of others.

Front 18

What would be the purpose of a Differential Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 18

to Differentiate the growth- i.e. biochemically

Doesn't inhibit any growth, though

Front 19

What would be the purpose of a Selective AND Differential Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 19

Allows only some bacteria types to grow, and shows a distinct difference between them

Front 20

What would be the purpose of Enrichment Media for growing bacteria in the lab?

Back 20

To grow bacteria that need specific nutrients to grow,

i.e. vitamins, Amino acids, enzyme co-factors

Front 21

Give 2 facts about Cyanobacteria.

Back 21

Some do Nitrogen Fixation

they probably are responsible for much of the O2 intoduced to Earth's atmosphere

Front 22

What type of bacteria makes up the majority of all bacteria? describe them

Back 22

Heterotrophic Eubacteria, which are mostly decomposers. some are also producers (but not of organic carbon)

this grp includes pathogens as well as industrially important bacteria

Front 23

Distinguish bt/W Spirilla and Spirochetes

Back 23

Spirilla: Flexible cell walls
have flagella external to cell wall

Spirochetes: Rigid walls
have Axial filaments (start beneath the outer membrane)
ex: Syphilis and Lyme Disease

Front 24

Describe Actinomycetes

Back 24

This is a filamentous bacteria w/branching cell chains like a fungus.

they produce antibiotics like neomycin, erythromycin, and tetracyline

Front 25

What are sheathed bacteria?

Back 25

bacterial cell chains in a slimy sac/sheath. the Sheath protects it and allows attachment to surfaces.

Front 26

What are Gliders?

Back 26

Bacteria that produces a slime on the cell wall. It glides through the slime when the cytoplasmic membrane contracts in a wavelike manner.

Front 27

Where do Bacterioids live?

Back 27

in Anaerobic environments such as intestines(aid in digestion)

Front 28

WHat do chemolithotrophs get their energy?

Back 28

chem. rxns
they're imp. for nutrient exchange

Front 29

Describe acid-fast bacteria.

Back 29

They contain waxy Mycolic Acids in their walls, so they are resistant to Staining.

ex:
Mycobacterium
M. Tuberculosis
M. leprae

Front 30

Who discovered the "filtered" virus while studying the Tobacco Mosaic Disease?

Back 30

Iwanowski

Front 31

Who Expanded the work of another by diluting samples of the Filtered virus, and coining the term 'contagious living fluid'

Back 31

Beijerinck

Front 32

Who formed crystals of the virus and said it was a chemical entity rather than a LIVING organism

Back 32

Stanley

Front 33

Who used electron Microscopy to observe a rod structure?

Back 33

Ruska

Front 34

What does an Isohedral virus look like?

Back 34

20 equal Triangular faces
ex: polio, herpes, chickenpox, Epstein Barr

Front 35

What's a Bacterial genome composed of?

Back 35

DNA or RNA. Never both

Front 36

Describe a Capsid's structure.

Back 36

a Protein coat surrounding a genome.
it's made of capsomeres (protein subunits)
It maintains the virus's shape.

Front 37

In viruses, What does the Envelope do?

Back 37

It protects the virus, and aids in penetration of host cells by membrane fusion.

Present only in SOME viruses

Front 38

In viruses, What are spikes?

Back 38

They are Glycoprotein projections on the surface of capsids or the viral envelopes.

They are recognition sites to ID markers on potential host cells

can aid in penetration into host; enzymes help permeabilize the host.

Front 39

Name the 6 stages of Viral Replication

Back 39

Attachment [Spikes bind to potential host receptor cite]
Penetration [Naked viruses by phagocytosis, and envelope fusion by viruses w/envelope]
Uncoating [viral nucleic acid released into host cytoplsm, enzymes brk down the capsid]
Synthesis [Nucleic acid is replicated, host's ribosomes secrete viral proteins]
Assembly
Release

Front 40

What do Antiviral drugs do to devend against replication.

Back 40

they interfere w/ viral dependent DNA polymerases.

they prevent uncoating stage; this way, the actual nucleic acid is stuck inside the capsid

Front 41

List and describe 2 Immune defenses to Viruses.

Back 41

1. Host B (plasma cells) make antibodies, which bind to viruses that haven't attacked any cells yet. this prevents virus attachment to new host cells, and the viruses can become latent.

2. When cells are invaded, INTERFERONS come in and protect neighbor cells by non-specific interactions with viruses (they may prevent budding or penetration).

note: Interferons can be genetically and mass produced in the lab

Front 42

What do vaccinations do? list 3 types of Vaccinations and describe them.

Back 42

They cause a person to produce specific antibodies.


1. Inactivated- virus w/ genome destroyed, capsid intact

2. Attenuated (better than inactivated)- Weakened virus

3. Genetically engineered- purified virus proteins from a host cell

Front 43

What are viroids? what do they do?

Back 43

ssRNA w/o a protein coat. they only infect plants

Front 44

What are Prions? how can they be broken down?

Back 44

they are indestructable protein particles that cause diseases in animals and humans.

can only be destroyed by Proteases.

Front 45

What is cancer?

Back 45

an uncontrolled production of cells via Mitosis

Front 46

What is a tumor?

Back 46

a mass of cancerous cells, usually w/ abnormal shape, that have lost their function.

Front 47

Distinguish bt/w a Benign and Malignant Tumor.

Back 47

Benign- encapsulated by tissue and cannot spread.

Malignant- multiplied so fast they've escaped the protective tissue and can metastatize.

Front 48

what is an oncogene?

Back 48

genes that exist in the genome of animal cells and cause normal cells to become cancerous.

Front 49

What is a protooncogene?

Back 49

in normal cells, they aid in growth and mitosis of cells.
can be converted to Oncogenes thru carcinogen influence--> then tumor develops.

Front 50

what are protists?

give 3 characteristics

Back 50

a bunch of shit piled into one kingdom by default.

all are unicellular
can be hetero or auto trophic
most reproduce by asexual mitosis, but some reproduce by sexual

Front 51

List the 4 main types of Protozoa

Back 51

Amoebas (Sarcodines)
Flagellates- move by flagella
Ciliates- move by Cilia
Sporozoa (Apicomplexans)- don't move; intracellular parasites

Front 52

List the 3 Sarcodines. what is a characteristic of these.

Back 52

Foramiferans
Heliozoans
Radiolarins

all have tests
they use pseudopodia to move
they feed by phagocytosis.

Front 53

Describe Flagellates.

Back 53

Flagella is arrangement of 9 + 2 microtubules (evidence of protozoa being a Eukaryotic ancestor).

many have chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Front 54

Describe Ciliates.

Back 54

Cilia surround the cyto-membrane.
the cilia move by a primitive nerve network in cytoplasm.
have 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

Ciliate cells have Macronucleus and 1 or more Micronucleui (unique to Ciliates) Both of these are involved in reproduction.

Front 55

Give 4 characteristics of Sporozoa/ Apicomplexans

Back 55

1. Mature cells are immotile while young move by flexing of cells
2. All members have a spore like stage
3. Have Apex (organelle complex) at one end of the cell.
4. All are parasitic to animals

Front 56

What is the group of Protista that includes phytoplankton.
1. can have bioluminescent pigments
2. can have flagella in early stages

Back 56

Unicellular algae

Front 57

What are 2 similarities bt/w cellular and acellular algaes?

Back 57

1. Both have cellulose in walls like plants.
2. Both have flagellated cells in some life stage.

Front 58

What kind of algae produces Sporangia that bear spores? List one other characteristic of this algae.

Back 58

Cellular Algae.
Cells are individual until resources are low; then cells form a 'slug' and move together.

Front 59

What kind of algae produces fruiting bodies that bear spores? list one other characteristic of this algae.

Back 59

Acellular algae
THey have a huge Multinucleate 'cell' that resembles an Amoeba; this is called a Plasmodium

Front 60

Distinguish bt/w septate and coencytic fungus cells.

Back 60

Septate means separated by a chitin cell wall.
Coencytic means non-separated

Front 61

What is proof that Eukaryotes came from Prokaryotes?

Back 61

Eukaryotic Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain rRNA whose sequences look like prokaryotic rRNA.

Front 62

Mitochondria derived from Bacteria that infected ancestral Protozoan
and
Cyanobacteria invaded ancestral protozoan and developed into chloroplasts

these explain what.

Back 62

Endosymbyosis Hypothesis

Front 63

What are Woese's taxonomic groups called?

Back 63

Domains:
Eubacteria
archaea
eukarya

Front 64

What is the peptidoglycan structure composed of, and how are the layers connected?

Back 64

NAM and NAG units. layers are connected by tetrapeptide chains.

Tetrapeptide chains are connected by...
...interpeptide bridge in gram+
...directly in gram -

Front 65

What are techoic acids, and where are they found?

Back 65

they act as fence posts that anchor peptidoglycan layers to one another in Gram + cells.

Front 66

What anchors peptidoglycan layer to the cyto-membrane?

Back 66

Lipotechoic acid

Front 67

Where are lipopoproteins found and what do they do?

Back 67

Gram negative cells. they anchor the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer.

Front 68

Where are Porins and Lipopolysaccharided found?

Back 68

in Gram - cells