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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dominant normal flora of dental plaque
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Streptococcus mutans
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Dominant normal flora of the skin
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Dominant normal flora of the nose
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Dominant normal flora of the colon
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1. Bacteroides fragilis 2. E. coli
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Dominant normal flora of the vagina
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1. Lactobacillus 2. E. coli 3. Group B strep
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Dominant normal flora in neonates
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When delivered by cesarean section, none, but are rapidly colonized after birth.
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Most common causes of pneumonia in people 6 weeks to 18 years old.
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1. Viruses (RSV) 2. Mycoplasma 3. Chlamydia pneumoniae 4. Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Most common causes of pneumonia in people 18 to 40 years old.
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1. Mycoplasma 2. Chlamydia pneumoniae 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Most common causes of pneumonia in people 40 to 65 years old.
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Haemophilus influenzae 3. Anaerobes 4. Viruses 5. Mycoplasma
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Most common causes of pneumonia in people over 65 years old.
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Anaerobes 3. Viruses 4. Haemophilus influenzae 5. Gram negative rods
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Most common causes of nosocomial pneumonia
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1. Staphylococcus 2. Gram negative rods
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Most common causes of immunocompromised pneumonia
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1. Staphylococcus 2. Gram negative rods 3. Fungi 4. Viruses 5. Pneumocystis jirovecii (with HIV)
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Most common causes of aspiration pneumonia
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Anaerobes
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Most common causes of pneumonia in alcoholics or IV drug users
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Klebsiella 3. Staphylococcus
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Most common causes of postviral pneumonia
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1. Staphylococcus 2. Haemophilus influenzae
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Most common causes of neonatal pneumonia
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1. Group B streptococci 2. E. coli
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Most common causes of atypical pneumonia
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1. Mycoplasma 2. Legionella 3. Chlamydia
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Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 0-6 months old
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1. Group B streptococci 2. E. coli 3. Listeria - All from birth canal
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Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 6 months to 6 years old
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Neisseria meningitidis 3. Haemophilus influenzae type B 4. Enteroviruses
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Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people 6 years to 60 years old
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1. Neisseria meningitidis 2. Enteroviruses 3. Streptococcus pneumoniae 4. HSV
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Causes of bacterial meningitis in: people greater than 60 years old
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1. Streptococcus pneumoniae 2. Gram negative rods 3. Listeria
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What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?: Pressure: Increased, Cell type: Increased PMNs, Protein: Increased, Sugar: Decreased
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Bacterial (not TB)
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What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?: Pressure: Increased, Cell type: Increased lymphocytes, Protein: Increased, Sugar: Decreased
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Fungal or TB
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What is the cause of meningitis with the following findings?: Pressure: Normal/Increased, Cell type: Increased lymphocytes, Protein: Normal, Sugar: Normal
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Viral
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in most people.
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in sexually active people.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), septic arthritis more common
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in diabetics.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in drug addicts.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in people with sickle cell disease.
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Salmonella
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Common causes of osteomyelitis in people with prosthetic replacement
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Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Common causes of vertebral osteomyelitis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott's disease)
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Common causes of urinary tract infections in ambulatory people
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Mostly ascending infections 1. E. coli (50-80%) 2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10-30%) in young amubulatory women 3. Klebsiella (8-10%)
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Common causes of urinary tract infections in the hospital
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Mostly ascending infections: 1. E. coli 2. Proteus 3. Klebsiella 4. Serratia 5. Pseudomonas
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Epidemiology of urinary tract infections
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Mostly ascending infections. Ratio of women:men is 10:1. (short urethra colonized by fecal flora) Males: 1. Babies: Congenital defects. 2. Elderly: Enlarged prostates
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Predisposing factors to urinary tract infections
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1. Flow obstruction 2. Kidney surgery 3. Catheterization 4. Gynecologic abnormalities 5. Diabetes 6. Pregnancy
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Signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections
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1. Dysuria 2. Frequency 3. Urgency 4. Suprapubic pain
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Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis
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1. Fever 2. Chills 3. Flank pain 4. Costovertebral angle tenderness
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What disease states does Serratia marcescens cause?
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Nosocomial (4th most common) and drug-resistant urinary tract infection
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What bug: metallic sheen on EMB agar
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E. coli
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What disease states does Enterobacter cloacae cause?
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Nosocomial and drug-resistant urinary tract infection
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What disease states does Proteus mirablis cause?
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Urinary tract infection. Urease positive, and associated with struvite stones. Motility causes "swarming" on agar.
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List of bugs that cause UTI
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SSEEK PP 1. Serratia marcescens (nosocomial/drug-resistant) 2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2nd most common cause in ambulatory young women) 3. E. coli (Most common cause. Metallic sheen on EMB agar) 4. Enterobacter cloacae (nosocomial and drug resistant) 5. Klebsiella (thick viscous colonies) 6. Proteus mirablis (urease positive, struvite stones, swarming on agar) 7. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (blue-green pigment, fruity odor)
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Most common causes of bronchitis/bronchiolitis
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1. RSV 2. Influenza A 3. Coronavirus - All RNA viruses with envelope
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How does gonorrhea present?
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1. Urethritis 2. Cervicitis 3. PID 4. Prostatitis 5. Epididymitis 6. Arthritis 7. Creamy purulent discharge (mmm!)
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What organism causes gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrheae aka Gonococcus
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What organism causes syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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How does genital herpes present?
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Painful ulcers on the: 1. Penis 2. Vulva 3. Cervix
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What disease states does HPV 6 cause?
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Condylomata acuminata: Genital warts and koilocytes (same as HPV 11)
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What disease states does HPV 11 cause?
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Condylomata acuminata: Genital warts and koilocytes (same as HPV 6)
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What causes condylomata acuminata?
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HPV 6 and 11
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What causes condylomata lata?
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Treponema pallidum
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Condylomata lata vs Condylomata acuminata
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Condyloma refers to an infection of the genitals. The two subtypes are: "condylomata acuminata" (genital warts) - caused by human papilloma virus and "condylomata lata", white lesions associated with secondary syphilis
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What disease states does Haemophilus ducreyi cause?
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Chancroid: 1. Painful genital ulcer (red papule with yellow-gray exudate) 2. Inguinal adenopathy
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How does Chancroid present?
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1. Painful genital ulcer (red papule with yellow-gray exudate) 2. Inguinal adenopathy
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What causes chancroid?
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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What is the Whiff test?
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Several drops of a potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution are added to a sample of vaginal discharge to see whether a strong fishy odor is produced. A fishy odor on the whiff test usually means bacterial vaginosis is present.
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How does bacterial vaginosis present?
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Caused by Gardnerella vaginalis: 1. Greenish vaginal discharge with fishy smell 2. Noninflammatory (nonpainful) 3. Mobiluncus (anaerobe) is also seen 4. Clue cells are visible (vaginal epithelium covered with bacteria) 5. Positive Whiff test
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Top causes of PID
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1. Chlamydia trachomatis (subacute, often undiagnosed) 2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (acute, high fever) 3. Gardnerella 4. Trichomonas
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Most common STD in the US
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Chlamydia trachomatis (3-4 million cases per year)
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Clinical presentation of PID
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1. Cervical motion tenderness (chandelier sign) 2. Purulent cervical discharge 3. Possibly salpingitis, endrometritis, hydrosalpinx, or tubo-ovarian abscess
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What is the chandelier sign?
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Colloquial term referring to severe pain elicited during pelvic examination of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease in which the patient responds by reaching upwards towards the ceiling for relief.
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What is salpingitis a risk factor for?
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1. Ectopic pregnancy 2. Infertility 3. Chronic pelvic pain 4. Adhesions
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Risk factor for nosocomial CMV infection.
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Newborn nursery
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Risk factor for nosocomial RSV infection.
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Newborn nursery
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Risk factor for nosocomial E. coli infection.
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Urinary catheterization
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Risk factor for nosocomial Proteus mirablis infection.
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Urinary catheterization
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Risk factor for nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
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Respiratory therapy equipment
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Risk factor for nosocomial HBV infection.
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Work in renal dialysis unit
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Risk factor for nosocomial Candida albicans infection.
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Hyperalimentation
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Risk factor for nosocomial Legionella infection.
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Water aerosols
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2 most common causes of nosocomial infections
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1. E. coli (UTI) 2. S. aureus (wound infection)
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Infections dangerous in pregnancy
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ToRCHeS = 1. Toxoplasma 2. Rubella 3. CMV 4. HSV/HIV 5. Syphilis
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What bugs: Hyaluronidase
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1. Staphylococcus 2. Streptococcus pyogenes 3. Clostridium dificile
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What bug: Pus
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What bug: Empyema
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Staphylococcus aureus (means pus in a natural body cavity, not an abscess)
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What bug: Abscess
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What bug: Pediatric infection
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Haemophilus influenzae
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Most common causes of pneumonia in people with cystic fibrosis.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What bug: Branching rods in oral infection
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Actinomyces israelii
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What bug: Traumatic open wound infection
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Clostridium perfringens
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What bug: Surgical wound
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Staphylococcus aureus
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What bug: Dog or cat bite
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Pasteurella multocida
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What bug: Sepsis in a newborn
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Group B Strep
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What bug: Meningitis in a newborn
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Group B Strep
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