Microbiology Some Bug Characteristics

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Stain used to diagnose Whipple's disease

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PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)

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PAS stains ---

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glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

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Ziehl-Neelsen stains ---

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Acid-fast bacteria

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India ink stains ---

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Cryptococcus neoformans

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Congo red stains -- and exhibits ---

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Amyloid, apple-green birefringence in polarized light

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Giemsa's stains what 4 organisms?

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Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia (intracellular inclusions on Giemsa)

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0

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0

Front 8

Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation: Which process can involve eukaryotic DNA?

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Transformation

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Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation: DNA transferred from 1 bacterium to another through a sex pilus is

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Conjugation

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Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation: DNA transferred by a virus from 1 cell to another

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Transduction

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Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation: Generalized transduction can transfer --

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Any gene

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Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation: Specialized transduction transfers ---

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only certain genes (that's why it's special!)

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Nagging Pests Must Breathe helps you remember what?

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obligate aerobes: Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus

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Aerobic bacteria commonly found in burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients?

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa (an obligate aerobe)

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What bug likes the lungs’ apices and why?

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis – because the apices have the highest partial pressure of oxygen

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If you hear crepitus, indicating gas in tissue, what type of infection do you suspect?

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Anaerobic bacterial infection, such as Clostridium, Bacteroides, or Actinomyces (CBA)

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Which bugs are anaerobic and why?

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Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces. Air causes them oxidative damage, because they lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase.

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Why are aminoglycoside antibiotics ineffective against anerobic bacteria?

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AminO2glycosides require O2 to enter into bacterial cells; anaerobic bacteria aren't where the oxygen is

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Name the 2 obligate intracellular organisms

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Rickettsia, Chlamydia - "They stay inside (cells) when it's Really Cold"

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Why do they need the host's cell?

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They can't make ATP

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Name 7 facultative intracellular organisms

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Mycobacterium, Brucella, Francisella, Listeria, Yersinia, Legionella, Salmonella

Front 22

List 4 examples of encapsulated bacteria

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Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 23

What is the main virulence factor of encapsulated bacteria and why?

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Polysacharide capsule is antiphagocytic

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What is a necessary component of humoral immune response to encaps. Bacteria?

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IgG2

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What vaccines are available for encapsulated bacteria?

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Pneumovax, H. influenzae, meningococcal

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What serves as vaccine antigen?

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Capsule

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What laboratory test can be used to detect the presence of encapsulated bacteria?

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Quellung reaction - capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added - "Quellung = capsular swellung"

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What complications/clinical signs is pneumococcus associated with?

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Rusty sputum, sepsis in sickle cell anemia, and splenectomy

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What kind of bacteria form spores and when?

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Certain gram-positive rods when nutrients are limited

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Name 3 spore-formers

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Bacillus anthracis, C. perfringens, C. tetani = gram positive soil bugs

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T or F: Spores are highly resistant to destruction by heat and chemicals

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TRUE

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Spores have ___ acid in their core

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dipicolinic

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T or F: Spores are metabolically active

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False. Spores have no metabolic activity

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What disinfecting procedure kills spores?

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Autoclaving (ex/ surgical equipment)

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What organisms are alpha-hemolytic?

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Pneumococci, viridans strep

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Pneumococci are catalase ___ and optochin ___

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Pneumococci are catalase negative and optochin sensitive

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Viridans strep are catalase ___ and optochin ___

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Viridans strep are catalase sensitive and optochin resistant

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What organisms are beta-hemolytic?

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Staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep agalactiae, lysteria monocytogenes

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Staph aureus is catalase ___ and coagulase ___

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Positive, positive

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Strep pyogenes is catalase ___ and bacitracin __

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negative, sensitive

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Strep agalactiae is catalase __ and bacitracin__

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negative, resistant

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Where is Lysteria monocytogenes found, and what is its characteristic pathology and laboratory appearance?

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Unpausterized milk, miningitis in newborns, tumbling motility

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What are catalase and coagulase tests used for?

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Catalase is used to distinguish staph (+) from strep (-), coagulase is used to distinguish S. aureus (+) from S. epidermis (-) and S. saprophyticus(-)

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How is catalase a virulence factor?

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It degrades H2O2, an antimicrobial product of PMNs that is a substrate for myeloperoxidase

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What is the function of protein A?

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Virulence factor - binds to Fc-IgG and inhibits complement fixation and phagocytosis

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TSST is a ___ (type of virulence factor) that binds to ___ (2 types of receptor) and causes ___ of ___ (type of cells) leading to ___ (disease)

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TSST is a superantigen that binds to MHC II and T-cell receptor and causes polyclonal activation of T-cells leading to toxic shock syndrome

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3 toxins of S. aureus and a syndrome caused by each

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TSST- 1 - toxic shock syndrome, exfoliative toxin - scalded skin syndrome, enterotoxins - rapid-onset food poisoning

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T/F - S. aureus causes acute bacterial endocarditis

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TRUE

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T/F - S. aureus causes skin disease and organ abscesses, but not pneumonia

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False - causes all 3

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T/F - S. aureus food poisoning is due to bacterial infiltration of the intestinal wall

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False - it is due to ingestion of preformed enterotoxin