Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The blood cells that particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are
|
eosinophils
|
|
|
Which of the following is an example of GALT?
|
Appendixils
|
|
|
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora
|
skin
|
|
|
Plasma cells
|
produce and secrete antibodies
|
|
|
All of the following can be recognized by toll-like receptors except
|
host cell membrane proteins
|
|
|
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the
|
respiratory tract
|
|
|
Due to the way the lymph drains from lymph nodes, cell and products of immunity continually
|
enter the regular circulatory system
|
|
|
Which cell type is phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?
|
Monocytes
|
|
|
Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes?
|
Thymus
|
|
|
Which of the following lymphoid organs has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the
blood? |
spleen
|
|
|
The clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue after inflammation is performed
by |
macrophages
|
|
|
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is
|
lysozyme
|
|
|
The key phagocytic cells of the body are the
|
neutrophils and macrophages
|
|
|
All of the following are correct about lymph except
|
it is transported through the body by the same pump as blood, i.e., the heart
|
|
|
Which is incorrect about inflammation?
|
Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
|
|
|
Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor. This means
|
redness
|
|
|
Components of the first line of defense include all the following except
|
phagocytic white blood cells
|
|
|
The contribution of B cells is mainly in
|
humoral immunity
|
|
|
Nonspecific chemical defenses include
|
All of the choices are correcty
|
|
|
Plasma
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Specificity and memory are associated with which body defense mechanism?
|
T cell and B cell responsesect
|
|
|
Elimination and destruction systems present in the phagolysosome include all the following except
|
bromine
|
|
|
The reticuloendothelial system
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all
|
vasoactive mediators
|
|
|
Hemopoiesis is the
|
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
|
|
|
The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves
|
a ring-shaped protein digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes
|
|
|
Joe cut his finger on a sharp twig and now is experiencing dolor. This means
|
pain
|
|
|
Which structures are found along lymphatic vessels but are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?
|
Lymph nodes
|
|
|
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as
|
GALT
|
|
|
Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals?
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
|
These white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic infections
|
eosinophils
|
|
|
All of the following are types of granulocytes because they have prominent cytoplasmic granules when stained except
|
monocytes
|
|
|
All of the following pertain to platelets except
|
they contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
|
|
|
Diapedesis is the
|
migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
|
|
|
Juan has influenza and has aches, pains and a fever. His mother, a physician, tells him to take an antipyretic. What is she telling him to take?
|
Acetaminophen, like Tylenol
|
|
|
Class II MHC genes code for
|
receptors located primarily on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
|
|
|
Variolation involved using
|
dried, ground smallpox scabs
|
|
|
In the primary response to an antigen, the first class of antibody to be secreted is
|
IgM
|
|
|
Lymphocyte maturation involves
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is very different from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the
|
variable region
|
|
|
T cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Herceptin is an example of a monoclonal antibody-based drug for
|
breast cancer
|
|
|
An example of artificial passive immunity would be
|
giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease
|
|
|
Immunotherapy is the
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Cody is 4 months old and is given an MMR injection by his pediatrician as part of the routine immunization schedule. What type of immunity is this?
|
Artificial active immunity
|
|
|
In the secondary response to an antigen, the predominant antibody is
|
IgG
|
|
|
The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is
|
IgG
|
|
|
Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Reliable vaccines exist for all of the following diseases except
|
malaria
|
|
|
An example of artificial active immunity would be
|
chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
|
|
|
Which of the following conditions have been conclusively proven to be linked to childhood vaccinations?
|
None of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Which antibody confers the most important specific local immunity to enteric, respiratory, and
genitourinary pathogens? |
IgA
|
|
|
Properties of effective antigens include all the following except
|
large polymers made up of repeating subunits
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells
|
secrete interleukin-2 to stimulate B and T cells
|
|
|
Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule thereby
disrupting their activity? |
Neutralization
|
|
|
Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed
|
hapten
|
|
|
Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune
system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen? |
Anamnestic response
|
|
|
All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines excepte
|
they can be transmitted to other people
|
|
|
Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immugenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?
|
Adjuvant
|
|
|
The DTaP immunization
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Superantigens are
|
bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens
|
|
|
Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
|
Agglutination
|
|
|
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an
|
epitope
|
|
|
Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Sam works in construction and stepped on a sharp nail. He can't remember the last time he had a tetanus shot. What type of immunity is the most important for him to receive?
|
Artificial passive immunity.
|
|
|
Antigen presenting cells
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Which are the first to attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
|
natural killer (NK) cells
|
|
|
The major histocompatability complex is
|
a set of genes that code for MHC cell receptors
|
|
|
Antitoxins
|
contain antibodies to neutralize specific toxin
|
|
|
Class I MHC genes code for
|
markers that display unique characteristics of self
|
|
|
The most significant cells in graft rejection are
|
cytotoxic T cells
|
|
|
Edward Jenner's work involved
|
immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one
|
|
|
When antiserum is subjected to electrophoresis, the gamma globulin band contains mostly
|
IgG
|
|
|
Immune sera is produced in horses for all the following except
|
chickenpox
|
|
|
Toxoids
|
contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules
|
|
|
Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines
|
contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses
|
|
|
All of the following are characteristics of IgM except
|
it is a dimer
|
|
|
Live, attenuated vaccines
|
include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR)
|
|
|
An example of natural passive immunity would be
|
a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
|
|
|
The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is
|
IgA
|
|
|
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is
|
IgE
|
|
|
All of the following characterize the secondary response to an antigen except
|
it is mostly IgM antibodies that are produced
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?
|
IgM and IgG
|
|
|
All of the following are advantages of attenuated vaccines over inactivated vaccines except
|
they can mutate back to a virulent strain
|
|
|
Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
|
Opsonization
|
|
|
Which of these chemicals is a powerful inflammatory agent that also stimulates uterine contractions?
|
Prostaglandins
|
|
|
Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category
|
Type 1 only
|
|
|
This can be a consequence of a genetic deficiency in B cell survival and maturity
|
hypogammaglobulinemia
|
|
|
A female who is Rh+
|
is in the majority of the population with regard to Rh status
|
|
|
Mold spores and animal dander are considered to be which type of allergen?
|
Inhalant
|
|
|
All of the following are correct about Type O blood except
|
persons with this type of blood carry an O antigen on their RBC
|
|
|
All of the following operate in surveillance and destruction of tumor cells except
|
B cells
|
|
|
Which is incorrect about DiGeorge syndrome?
|
The major therapy is a bone marrow transplant
|
|
|
Bee sting venom is considered to be which type of allergen?
|
Injectant
|
|
|
Large quantities of antibodies that react to the second entry of antigen and lead to formation of antigenantibody
complexes that deposit in basement membranes occur in |
serum sickness
|
|
|
Which cells play the greatest role in allergic symptoms?
|
mast cells
|
|
|
The serum of a person with blood type A, Rh- will have which of the following?
|
anti B
|
|
|
Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by
|
injecting the mother with antibodies against the Rh factor late in the pregnancy and after giving birth.
|
|
|
A person who has anti-A and anti-B serum antibodies will have blood type
|
O
|
|
|
What is the Arthus reaction?
|
An acute response to a second injection of vaccines at the same site.
|
|
|
The major categories of hypersensitivities that typically involve a B-cell immunoglobulin response is/are
|
Type 1, Type 2, Type 3
|
|
|
Which of the following is mismatched?
|
Inhalant - bee
|
|
|
Which of the following is incorrect about the role of mast cells and basophils in allergies?
|
They are found mainly in the lymph nodes.
|
|
|
Contact dermatitis involves
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
A person with O type blood
|
lacks A and B antigens
|
|
|
The DiGeorge syndrome is the result of
|
congenital absence or immaturity of the thymus gland
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a possible symptom of Type I hypersensitivity?
|
contact dermatitis
|
|
|
Histamine causes all the following except
|
increased sensitivity to light
|
|
|
The initial encounter with an allergen is called the
|
sensitizing dose
|
|
|
All of the following are involved in Type 2 hypersensitivity except
|
IgE
|
|
|
Jose needs a kidney due to his diabetes. His sister is a close match and is willing to give him one of hers. What type of transplant is this?
|
Allograft
|
|
|
Autoantibodies cause tissue injury in all the following diseases except
|
tuberculin reaction
|
|
|
Allergic patients receiving small, controlled injections of specific allergens are undergoing
|
desensitization
|
|
|
The chemical mediator that causes prolonged bronchospasm, vascular permeability, and mucus secretion of asthmatic patients is
|
leukotriene
|
|
|
Transfusion of the wrong blood type can cause
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Which event is the process of releasing chemical mediators?
|
Degranulation
|
|
|
Which of the following can causes secondary acquired immunodeficiencies in T cells and B cells?
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
What will be the immediate action of allergen when it enters the body for a second time?
|
bonding of allergen to adjacent IgE binding sites on mast cells and basophils
|
|
|
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs) are due to
|
a genetic defect in the development of both T cells and B cells
|
|
|
Human blood types involve all the following except
|
MHC genes
|
|
|
All of the following are examples of autoimmune diseases except
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
Which is mismatched?
|
Hay fever - Type 4 hypersensitivity
|
|
|
A xenograft is a tissue exchange
|
between individuals of different species
|
|
|
Treatment for agammaglobulinemia is
|
passive immunotherapy and continuous antibiotic therapy
|
|
|
When grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes what could result?
|
Graft versus host disease
|
|
|
Test systems involving which of the following has greatly improved the specificity of immunological tests?
|
monoclonal antibodies
|
|
|
Which technique used to diagnose a disease is also called the double diffusion method?
|
Ouchterlony
|
|
|
The indirect ELISA test detects ___ in a patient's blood.
|
antibody
|
|
|
All of the following are correct about the indirect ELISA except
|
color development indicates that antibody was not present in the patient's serum
|
|
|
The more a sample can be diluted and yet still react with antigen, the ___ the concentration of antibodies in that sample and the ___ is its titer.
|
higher, higher
|
|
|
This test is the confirming test for people who initially tested antibody-positive in the screening ELISA test:
|
Western blot
|
|
|
Which test is used to measure the IgE present in allergic patients?
|
RIST
|
|
|
In direct antigen testing, the reaction is generally seen with the
|
naked eye
|
|
|
A rising antibody titer a few days apart indicates
|
a current infection
|
|
|
Mary had an accidental needlestick one night during her shift as an emergency medical technician. Initially, she tested positive for HIV by the ELISA test. Which test would be done next to confirm an HIV infection?
|
Western blot
|
|
|
The lab technician performed a tube agglutination test with a sample of patient serum. What is the titer using the following results:
|
1/320
|
|
|
Viral hemagglutination testing
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
A serum titer involves
|
serially diluting a serum sample
|
|
|
Which of the following is incorrect regarding the complement fixation test?
|
Hemolysis of the sheep red blood cells occurs in a positive test result
|
|
|
Soluble antigens are detected in this type of test:
|
precipitation
|
|
|
Serotyping of the pneumococcus based on capsular polysaccharide is performed in
|
the Quellung test
|
|
|
All of the following are routine biochemical tests to aid in identifying a species except
|
motility
|
|
|
When serum proteins are separated by electrophoresis and then antibodies specific for the serum proteins are placed in a parallel trough in order to form reaction arcs for each protein, the test is called
|
immunelectrophoresis
|
|
|
Sputum is obtained by
|
the patient coughing up mucus from the lower respiratory system
|
|
|
The physician orders an antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer test to check for rheumatic fever. A patient serum sample is exposed to known suspensions of streptolysin and then allowed to incubate with RBCs? If the patient does have rheumatic fever, what will happen?
|
The red blood cells will not lyse
|
|
|
This test uses radioactive isotopes to label antibodies or antigens in order to detect minute amounts of corresponding antigen or antibody:
|
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
|
|
|
The dyes fluorescein and rhodamine
|
All of the choices are correct
|
|
|
Precipitation tests involve all the following except
|
they rely on formation of visible clumps for detection
|
|
|
All of the following are methods to diagnose viral infections except
|
the light microscope
|
|
|
Maggie was told she has a positive titer to measles. Which of the following could explain this?
|
All of the choices are correct
|
