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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Hapatovirus A(HAV)[3]
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(+)ssRNA
Nonenveloped Icosahedral capsid |
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What viral family does HAV belong to?
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Picornaviridae
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What genus does HAV belong to?
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Heparnavirus
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What physical factors is HAV resistant to?[5]
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Stomach acid
Drying Heat Salt water Solvents and detergents |
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What physical factors is HAV sensitive to?[3]
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Chlorine
Formalin UV light |
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What is the route of transmission of HAV?
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Feco-oral
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What are the vehicles of HAV transmission?[2]
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Contaminated food and water (fecally)
Undercooked or raw shellfish, oyesters and clams |
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What is the incubation period of HAV?
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15 days to 40 days
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Is HAV incubation short of long compared to HBV
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Short (HAV is 15-40days; HBV is 50-180 days)
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What is the route to which HAV takes within the human body?[5 checkpoints]
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Oral entry to;
Intestines, absorbed into; Blood, circulates to; Liver, through bile shed into; Stool |
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When does viral shedding begin in an HAV infection?
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Before the onset of symptoms
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When does viral shedding cease in an HAV infection?
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Before the cessation of symptoms
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T/F HAV can be transmitted as a blood borne pathogen.
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True (there is a 2 to 3 week period of viremia with HAv infection in which the pathogen can be spread through the blood)
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Where does the HAV virus replicate?[2]
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Kupffer cells of the liver
Hepatocytes |
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What are teh symptoms of HAV infection?[4]
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Fever
Nausea Vomiting Jaundice |
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What process results int he symptoms of fever, nausea, vomiting and jaundice that is seen in HAV?
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Necrosis of the hepatocytes
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What is the course of HAV infection
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Self limiting
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What is the recovery time for HAV?
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8-12 weeks
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What is the mortality rate of HAV infection?
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3-5/1000cases
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Why do most pediatric cases of HAV go undiagnosed?
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Pediatric cases tend to mild
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Can an individual get Hepatitis A trough sexual intimacy and/or blood transfusion?
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Yes but it is not the common mode of transmission
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Do you get chronic Hepatitis A infection?
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No Hep A is a self limiting disease
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Would heating for a short time or filtering the water be enough to inactivate HAV?
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No HAV is resistant to heat and is a virus so it cannot easily be filtered; HAV is susceptible to Chlorine, formaline and UV light
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Describe Hapatitis B Virus(HBV)[3]
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Partially ds DNA
Enveloped Nucleocapsid |
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What viral family does HBV belong to?
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Hepadnaviridae
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What genus does HBV belong to?
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Orthohepadnavirus
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What species does HBV infect?[2]
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Humans
Chimpanzees |
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What is the complete infectious particle of HBV?
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Dane particle
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What is Dane Particle?
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Complete infectious particle of HBV
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Where is the Dane particles found?
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In the patient's serum
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What is the viralty incoded DNA polymerase found in HBV?
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Reverse transcriptase
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What are the contents of the Dane particle?[2]
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Partially ds DNA
Reverse transcriptase |
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What are the routes of transmission of HBV?
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Blood borne pathogen
Sexually transmitted Orally transmitted |
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Why can HBV be transmitted with Blood transfusions?
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HBV is a blood borne pathogen
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Why can HBV be transmitted through sexual contact?
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HBV is in semen and vaginal fluids
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Why can HBV be tranmitted through oral contact?
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HBV is found in saliva
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Why is HBV able to be transmitted in so many ways?
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HBV is found in all body fluids
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What is the incubation period fro HBV
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50 days to 180 days
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Is the incubation period of HBV shorter or longer than that of HAV?
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Longer(HBV is 50-180days; HAV is 15-40 days)
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At what point can HBsAg be detected?
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Latter half of the incubation period
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What bodily fluids contain HBsAg?[6]
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Urine
Semen Vaginal secretions Breast milk Feces Nosopharygeal secretions |
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What are the symptoms of Acute Hepatitis B?[7]
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Fever
Rash Arthritis Jaundice Dark urine Pale stool Nausea |
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What is a major determinant of weather HBV infectios will become chronic?
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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What is the course of Acute Hepatitis B?
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Recovery
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What are the possible outcomes of a chronic HBV infection?[3]
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Fulminant Hepatitis
Hepatocellular carcinoma Cirrhosis |
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What is the first step in Viral replication with HBV?
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Viral coat is shed with entry into the hepatocyte
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How is the viral DNA shed from the capsid in HBV replication?
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Enzymes in the core
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What is the next step in viral replication of HBV after the capsid is shed and the DNA is free?
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Completion of the DNA
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What is the result of transcription of Viral DNA in the process of HBV replication?
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3 major classes and 2 minor classes of mRNA are transcribed
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What is the difference between HBsAg and HBeAG?
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Proteins are translated by the same gene but at different start codons causing HBsAg to be incorporated into the viron and HBeAg to be shed
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Surface antigen for HBV
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HBsAg
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HBsAg
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Surface antigen for HBV; envelope
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What intermediate is present in viral replication of HBV?
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Circular RNA
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What is the tissue tropism for HBV?
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Hepatocytes
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How can HBV lead to liver cancers?
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Integration of HBV genome into Hepatocyte genome
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What is the most useful marker for the detection of HBV?
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HBsAg
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Soluble HBV antigen
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HBeAg
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HBeAg
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Soluble HBV antigen
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Where is HBeAg found?
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Serum
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Core antigen
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HBcAg
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HBcAg
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Core antigen
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Where is HBcAg found
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Infected hepatocytes
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T/F HBsAg can be detected in the serum
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True
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T/F HBeAg can be detected in the serum
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True
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T/F HBcAg can be detected in the serum
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False (HBcAg is detected in infected hepatocytes)
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What is the shape of the HBsAg on EM?
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Pleomorphic
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When is viremia observed in an HBV infection?
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1 month before symptoms start
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What is the first antibody to be observed in HBV infection?
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anti-HBcAg antibody
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What is the window period in HBV infection?
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Period of no detectable HBsAg or Anti-HBs Abs
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What is the relationship of HBsAg and Anti-HB Abs during the window period in HBV infection
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Amount of HBsAg and anti-HBs Ab are equal
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T/F There is a window period with chronic HBV infection
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False
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How long is verimia observed in chronic HBV infection
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Years
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How long would HBeAg and HBsAg be detectable in the serum in chronic HBV infection?
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Years
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How long would HBcAg be detectable in the serum in chronic HBV infection?
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Never, HBcAg is not detectable in blood
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What vaccines are available for HAV?[2]
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Inactivated (Hepatavax)
Recombinant HBsAg (Recombivax) |
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What type of vaccine is Hepatavax and what organism does it confer protection from?
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Inactivated Vaccine
HBV |
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What type of vaccine is Recombivax and what organism does it confer protection from?
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Recombination of HBsAg
HBV |
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What event in HBV infection can increase the risk for the development of fuliment hepatitis?
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Concurrent HDV infection
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Would serum negative for HBsAg be enough to declare a patient free from hepatitis?
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No because HBsAg does not become apparent until about a month after infection with HBV
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Describe HCV.[3]
|
(+)ss RNA
Enveloped Icosahedral |
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What viral family does HCV belong to?
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Flaviviridae
|
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What genus does HCV belong to?
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Hepacivirus
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What is the usual mode of transmission of HCV?[2]
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Sexually transmitted
Intravenous drug use |
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What is the incubation period of HCV
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40 days to 120 days
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What serum enzyme is a good predictor of infection with HCV?
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High alanine aminotransferase
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What species are infected by HCV?[2]
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Humans
Chimpanzees |
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How does HCV enter the Hepatocytes?
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HCV coats itself with VLD adn LD lipoproteins
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What cells are susceptible to infection by HCV?[2]
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Hepatocytes
CD81+ lymphocytes |
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What is CD81
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Tetraspanin
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Tertraspanin
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CD81
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How does HCV confer chronic infection?
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Avoids apoptosis of the infected cells
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how does HCV avoid apoptosis of infected cells?
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HCV binds to TNF receptor and protein kinase receptor
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What is the result of HCV inhibition of
apoptosis of infected cells |
Persistence
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What is the result of persistence in HCV infection?
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Chronic inflammation
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What is the result of chronic inflammation in HCV?
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Cirrhosis
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What condition does cirrhosis predispose a patient infected with HCV to?
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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What is the course of HCV infection?[4]
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Chronic Hepatitis
Cirrhosis Liver failure Hepatocellar carcinoma |
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T/F There are vaccines available for HCV infection.
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False
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What are measures that must be taken in order to reduce the transmission of HCV?
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Prescreening of Blood Donors
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Are the risk factors for HCV the same as those for HBV?
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Yes because HCV and HBV are found in the same fluids
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Which is more prevalent in HCV infection, Hepatocellular carcinoma or cirrhosis?
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Cirrhosis
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Do all patients with HCV infection develop chronic infections?
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No 15% Experience an acute infection followed by spontaneous recovery
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Describe HDV.[2]
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(-)ss circular RNA
HBV coat |
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What does the HDV viral genome encode?
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Delta antigen
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What Would serum analysis reveal in the case of an HDV infection?
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HBsAg
Delta antigen |
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What concurrent infection is required for HDV to be infectious?
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HBV
|
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What is the route of transmission for HDV?[3]
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Sexually transmitted
Blood borne Intravenous drug users |
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T/F HDV is vertically transmitted
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True
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What type of concurrent infection with HDV and HBV results in mild infection?
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Simultaneous infection
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What type of concurrent infection with HDV and HBV results in rapid and severe hepatitis?
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HBV infection followed by subsequent HDV infection
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How is the presence of HDV infection detected[2]
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Anti-delta IgM
Anti-delta IgG |
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What is the most effective control of HDV?
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Control of HBV
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Describe HEV[3]
|
(+)ssRNA
Nonenveloped Icosohedral |
|
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What viral family does HEV belong to?
|
Caliciviridae
|
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What genus does HEV belong to?
|
Calicivirus
|
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How many types of HEV are known?
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5
|
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What types of HEV are unique to humans?[2]
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Type 1
Type 2 |
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What patients are more susceptible to infection with HEV types 1 & 2?
|
Younger patients
|
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What types of HEV are seen in humans and in swine?[2]
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Type 3
Type 4 |
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What patients are more susceptible to infection with HEV types 3 & 4?[2]
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Older patients
Immunocompramised patients |
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What animal is infected with HEV type 5?
|
Birds
|
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What is the mode of transmission for HEV?
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Feco-oral
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What patient population sustains a 20% mortality rate with HEV infection?
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Pregnant women
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What control mechanism is used to control HEV infections?
|
Sanitation and hygiene
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T/F There is no vaccine available for HEV.
|
True
|
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Describe HFV[3]
|
(+)ssRNA
Enveloped Icosohedral |
|
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What is the route of transmission for HFV?
|
Feco-oral
|
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What are complications with infections of HFV?[2]
|
Malignancy
Rejection/necrosis of a grafted liver |
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T/F There is a vaccine for HFV
|
False
|
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Describe HGV[2]
|
(+)ssRNA
Enveloped |
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What is the effect of infection with HGV?
|
Syncytial giant cell hepatitis
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T/F There is no vaccine available for HGV.
|
True
|
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What Hepatoviruses have a vaccine against them[2]
|
HAV
HBV |
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Why is the no vaccine for HCV?
|
There is a high mutation rate in HCV which allows it to evade host defenses as well as change antigens and negate the formation of an efeective vaccine
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Describe TT-virus[3]
|
(-)ss circular DNA
Nonenveloped Icosohedral |
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What viral family does TT-virus belong to?
|
Cirinoviridae
|
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What genus does TT-virus belong to?
|
Circinovirus
|
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What is the route of transmission for TT-virus?[2]
|
Sexually transmitted
Breast feeding |
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T/F TT-virus does not have a vaccine.
|
True
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In areas of poor sanitation, which form of hepatitis do you expect to be the most common?[3]
|
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis E Hepatitis F |
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What Hepatitis viruses are transmitted via a sexual route?[5]
|
HBV
HCV HDV HGV TT-virus |
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What viruses are capable of infection the liver?[4]
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Hep A-G
TT-virus Yellow fever virus EBV(HHV4) |
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What microbes are capable of infecting the liver in the neonate and the immunocompramised?[4]
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HHV 5 (CMV)
HHV 1 (HSV1) HHV 3 (VCZ) Rubella |
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What viral infection is prevalent in the heart?
|
Coxsackie B
|
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What viral infection is prevalent in the kidney?
|
CMV
|
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What viral infection is prevalent in the muscle?
|
Coxsackie B
|
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What viral infection is prevalent in the Eye?[5]
|
HHV 1
Adenovirus (most common) Rubeola/Rubella Enterovirus 70 Coxsackie A24 |
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What is the most common viral eye infection?
|
Adenovirus
|
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What viral infection is prevalent in the glands?[2]
|
HHV5 (CMV)
Mumps (paramyxovirus) |
|
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Where in the host does the mumps virus replicate?
|
Respiratory epithelium
|
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in what secretions is the mumps virus shed?[2]
|
Saliva
Urine |
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T/F Patients infected with the mumps virus are infective before they show symptoms
|
True
|
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How long does the host generally shed the mumps virus?
|
Up to a month
|
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What is the first symptom of mumps infection?
|
Orchitis (15 days)
|
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When does orchitis appear in a mumps infection?
|
15 days
|
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What is the tissue that becomes inflamed 15 to 17 days following infection with the mumps virus?
|
Parotid glands
|
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What is the principle symptom of protitis in mumps infection?
|
Swelling of the parotid gland
|
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What are the site of inflammation in the event of infection of mumps virus?[6]
|
Overies/Testes
Parotid Glands Eyes Inner ear Peripheral nerves CNS |
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What is the CNS manifestation of mumps infection?
|
Meningoencephalitis
|
|
|
Describe the progression of mumps in the body[3 checkpoints]
|
Respiratory epithelium to;
Blood causing viremia, which leads to; Systemic infection (gonads, parotids,eyes, ears, nervous system) |
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What is route of transmission of the mumps virus?
|
Inhalation of respiratory droplets
|
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What time period correlates with greatest incidence of mumps virus infection.
|
Winter to early spring
|
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T/F There is a vaccine for the mumps virus.
|
True
|
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What type of vaccine is the MMR?
|
Live attenuated
|
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What vaccine protects against mumps infection?
|
MMR
|
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What are characteristics of Betaherpesvirinae[3]
|
Long replication cycle
Cytomegaly Latency in the glands and kidneys |
|
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What is the usual presentation of CMV infection?
|
CMV is sub-clinical
|
|
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What secretions usually have CMV in an infected patient?[3]
|
Urine
Saliva Breast Milk |
|
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What is the primary target for the infection of CMV?
|
Epithelia of the oropharynx
|
|
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Describe the morphology of a cell which infected with CMV?[2}
|
Giant cells (Cytomegaly)
Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies |
|
|
How long does infection with CMV last?
|
CMV infection id life long
|
|
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What are the symptoms of congenital infection with CMV?[4]
|
Jaundice
Microcephaly Hepatosplenomegaly Lethargy |
|
|
What is the clinical presentation of perinatal infection with CMV?
|
Asymptomatic
|
|
|
What is the clinical presentation of CMV infection with patients wh are immunocompramised?[3]
|
CMV retinitis
Colitis Pneumonia |
|
|
Where can CMV be isolated from, for diagnostic purposes?[2]
|
Saliva
Urine |
|
|
What is the treatment for CMV?
|
Grancyclovir
|
|
|
Acyclic gaunosine analogue which decreases virus shedding.
|
Grancylcovir
|
|
|
Why is CMV resistant to acyclovir treatment?
|
There is no Thymadine kinase in CMV
|
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Describe Adenoviridae
|
dsDNA
Nonenveloped Icosahedral |
|
|
Toxic to the cell, has HA activity and is important for cell attachment
|
Penton fibre
|
|
|
Penton fibre
|
Toxic to the cell, has HA activity and is important for cell attachment
|
|
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What blocks interferon induction in the neighboring cells
|
VA-RNA
|
|
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VA-RNA has what action
|
Blocks interferon induction in the neighboring cells
|
|
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What are the virulence factors of adenoviridae?[2]
|
Penton fibre
VA-RNA |
|
|
Where is the Adenovirus isolated form?[3]
|
Tonsils
Nasopharynx Intestinal tract |
|
|
T/F Adenovirus can be isolated from patients who are apparently healthy
|
True
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of Adenovirus infection?[12]
|
Fever
Rhinitis Cough Exudate Conjuctivitis Larygitis Croup Bronchitis Pneumonia Pharyngoconjuntivitis Hemeturia Gastroentertis |
|
|
What is the route of transmission for adenovirus?[2]
|
Feco-oral
Respiratory |
|
|
Croup
|
Arises from a viral infection of the larynx (voice box) and is associated with mild upper respiratory symptoms such as a runny nose and cough. The key symptom is a harsh barking cough
|
|
|
Arises from a viral infection of the larynx (voice box) and is associated with mild upper respiratory symptoms such as a runny nose and cough. The key symptom is a harsh barking cough
|
Croup
|
|
|
What condition causes hematuria in adenovirus infection?
|
Hemorrhagic cystitis
|
|
|
What is the site of initial replication in the infection with adenovirus?
|
Naso-oral epithelial cells
|
|
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How does adenovirus reach the epothelia of the nasal and oral mucosa?
|
Direct inoculation
|
|
|
How does epithelial necrosis take place with the infection with adenovirus?
|
Mononuclear inflammatory response
|
|
|
What is the treatment for infection with adenovirus?
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
What is the action of Rifampin
|
Release of immature virus
|
|
|
What is meant by persistent infection?
|
Slow consistent release of virus
|
|
|
What drug has the action of inducing immature virus release?
|
Rifampin
|
|
|
Where in the host does persistent infection with adenovirus take place?[3]
|
Tonsils
Adenoids Peyer's patches |
|
|
What criteria is requisite fro the diagnosis of Adenovirus from the sera?
|
4x increase in titer
|
|
|
T/F There is no vaccine for adenovirus
|
False (there is an inactivated vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine)
|
