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69 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What are the three places in the body where nematodes reside?
In the GI, tissue, and extraintestinal areas.
This intestinal nematode is the most common helminthic infection. Its highest prevalence is in tropical and subtropical areas with inadequate sanitation. It occurs in the rural areas of southeastern US.
Ascaris Lumbricoides
High worm burden with this helminth may cause abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction and migrating worms may cause biliary obstruction.
Ascaris Lumbricoides
During which phase of Ascaris infection can pulmonary symptoms occur with eosinophilic pneumonitis?
During lung phase of larval migration.
With this nematode infection there is a high load of eosinophils to fight parasites. We need to be worried about intestinal obstruction - may migrate and cause biliary obstruction.
Ascaris Lumbricoides
How is ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed?
Preferably with a stool sample but the larvae can be identified in sputum and gastric aspirates during pulmonary migration phase.
This nematode is the pinworm that frequently infects preschool children and ppl in crowded conditions. It is acquired through ingestion, the eggs hatch in the small intestine and become adults in the colon.
Enterobius Vermicularis
This nematode is frequently asymptomatic or causes perianal prutius, especially at night which may lead to excoriations, and invasion into the female genital tract with vulvovaginitis and anorexia, irritability, and abdominal pain.
Enterobius Vermicularis
How is Enterobius Vermicularis diagnosed?
Through scotch test and microscopic examination.
How is enterobius vermicularis treated and prevented from spreading?
It is treated with pyrantel pamoate, contacts receive prophylactic therapy and good hygiene and washing of bedding.
This helminth is tropical and subtropical areas - seen in the south in the US. Most frequent in rural settings institutions, and lower socioeconomic groups. Are frequently asymptomatic with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Strongyloides Sterocoralis
This helminth has filariform and rhabditiform larvae.
Strongyloides Sterocoralis
Infection with this helminth has eosinophilia as a hallmark which peaks at migration through the pulmonary system and into the blood.
Strongyloides Sterocoralis
How is Strongyloides identified and treated?
Found in the stool and duodenal fluid and identification of the rhabditiform larvae. It is treated with Ivermectin.
This helminth is acquired through skin contact with the soil.
Strongyloides Sterocoralis
This helminth is the second highest infection in humans, is found world wide in moist, warm climates, and enters through the skin, usually from going barefoot.
Hookworm
This helminth causes iron deficiency anemia because of blood loss at the site of intestinal attachment of the adult worms. GI, nutritional and metabolic symptoms can occur.
Hookworm
This Helminth causes GI problems, local skin manifestations, and respiratory symptoms from pulmonary migration of the larvae. Is second most common helminth infection.
Hookworm
How is hookworm diagnosed and treated?
Is diagnosed with stool specimin and microscopic examination of eggs. Light infections are not normally treated but in areas where the parasite is common Albendazole is used.
This Helminth usually causes light, asymptomatic infections with larval migration into muscle tissues.
Trichinellosis
This Helminth has muscle migration one week following infection, can cause periorbital or facial edema, conjunctivitis, fever, myalgias, splinter hemorrhages, rash and blood eosinophilia:
Trichinellosis
Has larval encystment in muscles which cause myalgia and weakness followed by subsidence of symptoms. Is obtained from raw or uncooked meat.
Trichinellosis
How is trichnellosis diagnosed?
By antibody detection, muscle biopsy and is suspected based on clinical symtoms and blood eosinophilia.
An absolute term which means that all forms of microbial life have been totally inactivated and are unable to ever reproduce.
Sterilization
Bacteria are destroyed.
Bactericidal
Bacteria are prevented from replicating but are not destroyed.
Bacteriostatic
Disinfectant agents that kill microorganisms capable of producing an infection
Germicidal
An agent that pervents sepsis or putrefication either by killing microorganisms or by preventing their growth.
Antiseptic
The primary method of judging the efficacy of any disinfectant is to compare it to the activity of _______.
Phenol
This compound is very bactericidal at low concentrations. It causes leakage and irrevesible inactivation of membrane functions. It is only used to test effectiveness of other agents.
Phenol.
This agent is bactericidal and most effective against gram-positives.
Cationic Agents
This diphenyl is bactericidal in high concentrations and unlike many other disinfectants it is active in conjunction with soaps and other compounds.
Hexachlorophene
Disorganizes lipid structure, is a skin disinfectant, is bactericidal but will not kill spores. It cannot sterilize instruments
Alcohols
This compound is widely used as antispetics, are efficient bactericidal, is commonly used for gonococci and is used for prophylaxis against ophthalimia neonatorum.
Silver
These compounds, chlorine for water and iodine for skin are bactericidal and effective against spores. Converts functional S-H groups to S-S.
Halogens
What is the most reliable and universally applicable sterility method?
Heat - moist heat is the mechanism of choice
Most mesophiles in moist heat for 30 minutes at 60 degrees Celcius will be killed. The most heat resistant forms, spores of Clostridium can be destroyed in ______ minutes at 120 degrees celcius.
4 minutes
Are large, gram-positive, spore forming rods and are obligate anaerobes, all species are found naturally in the soil but most species can be occasionally found in the intestinal tract of humans. The different diseases are produced by species with different exotoxins.
Clostridium
What are the two neurotoxic and spore forming forms of clostridium?
Botulinum and Tetani
This species is long, thin, gram positive rods with swollen sub-terminal spores (like tennis rackets) and is a strict anaerobe.
Clostridium
What is botulism's requirement for oxygen?
None- is a strict anaerobe
What is the virulence factor of clostridium botulinum?
Botulinum Toxin
What are the serotypes of botulism neurotoxin that are found in humans?
A, B , and E
Where is the botulism toxin gene located?
On a bacteriophage and/or plasmid.
Which bacterial toxin prevents release of Ach at neuromuscular junction in the peripheral nervous system?
Botulinum Toxin
What are the three ways botulinum toxin works?
1. Prevents release of ACh
2. H chain binds to gangliosides on neuronal cells
3. Degrades synaptobrevin and other fusion proteins
What is the most potent bacterial toxin known?
Botulinum Toxin
Where is botulinum toxin usually found in food?
In canned meat- food must be anaerobic and is usually high protein
What are the three kinds of botulism toxin infection?
1. Food bourne
2. Wound
3. Infant
What is the mchanism of of poisoning with botulism?
Ingestion of preformed nerotoxin in food which may be a large dose and causes intoxication.
Early in the intoxication with this toxin causes difficulty seeing, swallowing, and speaking with cranial nerve deficits.
Botulism Toxin
How can ingestion of botulism toxin be distinguished from other paralytic illnesses like stroke, myasthenia gravis, and Guillane Barre?
It causes no fever, no sensory abnormalities, and no mental status changes.
Is caused by growth of this Clostridium in tissue with neurotoxin production which begins with minor paralysis at wound which may spread and become systemic.
Botulism
What are the characteristics of paralysis caused by botulism?
Symmetric, descending, flaccid paralysis.
This is the most common type of botulism in the US, causes growth and neurotoxin production in the intestines:
Infant Botulism
Is characterized by weak suckling in infants, cranial nerve deficits, generalized weakness, and kills by causing respiratory paralysis.
Infant Botulism
How is ingestion of botulism treated?
Rapid administration of polyvalent A, B, and E antitoxin and supportive respiratory care.
Is licensed for use in cosmetic procedures causing focal dystonia:
Botulism toxin
Is clostridium with very strict anaerobe with terminal spores that appear like drumsticks. Has one serotype, is extracellular, and blocks the release of the neurotransmitter glycine at the inhibitory synapse.
Tetanus
What are the three modes of action of tetnus toxin?
1. Blocks the release of glycine
2. Binds gangliosides on neuronal cells.
3. degrades synapobrevin on glycine vesicles
What is the mechanism by which tetnus and botulism toxin degrade synaptobrevin on vesicles?
Zinc endopeptidase
What are the two toxins produced by Clostridium Tetani?
1. Tetnus Toxin
2. Tetnolysin
Older women, diabetics, and IV dug users are at increased risk of this:
Contracting Tetanus- diabetics are at 3X risk and fatalities are about 4X more common
Travels to the site of infection to CNS via retrograde intra-axonal transport, not through the blood.
Tetnus
What is the incubation period of the tetnus toxin?
3-21 days with an average of 8 days
What are the characeristic symptoms of tetanus?
Lockjaw (trismus) and grimace (risus sardonicus) - muscle spasms and spasms of the back, head and neck occur later
What is the treatment for suspected tetnus?
Passive immunization with anti-toxin (human tetnus immunoglobulin)- must be done immediately to neutralize free toxin in the tissue before transport
How is tetnus prevented?
Active immunization with tetnus toxoid in DTap - need to maintain circulating antibody
What is the treatment for major tetnus wounds?
Toxoid plus tetnus immune globulin.