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52 Cards in this Set

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This is a group of rod-shaped, acid fast, aerobic bacteria, with intracellular macrophages and causes tuberculosis and leprosy
Mycobacterium
This pathogen has never been cultivated on artificial media
Mycobacterium Leprae
Is a slow growing, non pigmented pathogen that causes chronic disease through person to person transmission
Mycobacterium
Is free living in soil and water, is transmitted from the environment, is seen particularly in AIDS patients and produces tuberculosis like disease
Atypical Mycobacteria
This is one type of atypical mycobacterium that causes pulmonary disease in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised persons
Avium/intracllularae (MAC)
This acid fast bacteria has long rods, filaments with branching, causes lung abcesses or granulomas and disseminates to the brain where it causes abcesses
Nocardia Species
This acid fast bacteria has short rods and cocci, causes chronic lung disease in AIDS patients - is less common than nocardia
Rhodococcus
This acid fast bacteria is an obligate aerobe that takes weeks to grow on agar, is capable of intracellular growth within macrophages
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Has a cell wall with outer membrane -glycolipids containing mycolic acids that give it a waxy look
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
What is the main distinction between the cell wall and cell membrane in mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Both have glycolipids but cell membrane lacks mycolic acids
Which proteins are used for the skin test in M. Tuberculosis?
Purified Protein Derivative - mixture of small molecular weight proteins
How is Mycobacterium transmitted?
Through inhalation of respiratory droplets- it is extremely infectious via aerosol dissemination
In this stage of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis the patient is not infectious, has intracellular multiplication, spreads to the lymph nodes and bloodstream:
Primary Infection
In this stage of M. Tuberculosis the patient is still not infectious, has acquired cellular immunity, has hypersensitivity to PPD, granulomatous inflammation. The infection is quiescent and asymptomatic due to cellular immunity:
Tubercle Formation
In this stage of Tuberculosis infection the first symptoms of disease are seen, the patient is now infectious, there is renewed bacterial replication, and granulomas develop caseous centers which liquify and empty into bronchus. The viable organisms are released and can infect others.
Secondary or Re-infection tuberculosis
This disease has insidious onset with fever, fatigue, anorexia, night sweats, and wasting. Cough and sputum production are variable.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
This disease is caused when bacteria gain access to the bloodstream and seed distant organs with small focal lesions in various regions, including the meninges.
Extrapulmonary (Miliary) Tuberculosis
Microscopic examination of sputum in people with this disease show acid fast bacilli (AFB)
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
This test detects primary/latent infection and active infections
Interferon gamma release assays
This disease has developing drug resistance with MDR and XDR strains. Treatment is based on the use of 3-4 drugs for at least 6 months
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
This is normal flora of the URT, it is the most common cause of otitis media in infants and children and the most common cause of community acquired bacterial pneumonia. It is also a common cause of meningitis in all ages
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
This is an alpha hemolytic streptococci that is normal flora in the URT.
Streptococci Pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis
S. Pneumoniae
This alpha hemolytic strep is normal flora in the oral cavity and may enter the bloodstream after dental manipulations or oral trauma. Can cause endocarditis, abcesses in the lung, liver, or brain
S. Viridans
Lancet shaped diplococci, is normal flora in the URT, spreads to adjacent tissue or aspirates into the lungs, causes pneumonia, otitis media, siunusitis and conjuncivitis.
Strep Pneumonia
What is the major virulence factor in S. Pnuemoniae?
Capsule- is anti phagocytic
Causes pneumonia with rapid onset, shaking chills, fever, developing cough - typical pneumonia
Strep Pneumoniae
Most common meningitis in adults
Strep Pneumoniae
How is S. Pneumoniae typically treated?
Treated with penicillin and G - Penicillin resistant strains are treated with Vanc and Ceftaroline
This vaccine for Strep pneumoniae is purified polysaccharide form the 23 most common isolates but is not effective in children under 2. Is still used in adults.
PPV 23
This is an S. Pneumoniae vaccine of purified polysaccharide of the 7 most common serotypes. Approved in 2000 for vaccination of infants of 2, 4, and 6 months followed by a booster at 12-15 months.
PCV-7
This vaccine for S. Pnemoniae took PCV-7 and added six new purified polysaccharrides. New in 2010.
PCV-13
This reaction causes incomplete lysis of RBCs with a zone of greening around the colonies and is only seen in streptococci
Alpha Hemolysis
This group A strep has beta hemolysis:
S. Pyogenes
This group B strep has weak Beta hemolysis:
S. agalactiae
This group D Strep has beta, alpha, and gamma hemolysis
Enterococcus Species
This is gram positive cocci in pairs and/or chains that is strictly anaerobic and catalase negative
Streptococcus
This form of strep is never considered normal flora, causes respiratory, skin/tissue, and blood infections
Group A (S. pyogenes)
This group of strep is normal flora in the intestines with secondary spread to the vagina, is major cause of neonatal meningitis (transmission during birth)
Group B (S. agalactiae)
This kind of strep is normal flora in the intestines vagina, URT and skin and is a nosocomial problem. Generally resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics and is a concern becasue there is increasing Vanc resistance:
Group D (enterococcus)
This strep is normal flora of the URT and common cause of pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis
S. pneumoniae
This strep is normal flora in the oral cavity and URT and enters the blood after dental manipulations or oral trauma. Can cause abcesses in many areas of the body:
Viridans
This is the major protein antigen of S. pyogenes and the major virulence factor inhibiting complement fixation and resistance to phagocytosis:
M protein
This exotoxin produced by S. pyogenes is pyrogenic and acts as a superantigen, inflammatory. Activates macrophages and triggers cytokine production leading to inflammation.
Pyrogenic Exotoxins (Spe A and C)
This group of strep causes scarlet fever - which is strep throat combined with the pyrogenic exotoxin. Has a characteristic desquamating rash.
S. pyogenes
What is the invasive disease produced by S. pyogenes that often preceeded by viral infection, and can be rapidly fatal. It may lead to bloodstream invasion and sepsis, endocarditis:
S. pyogenes
This inflammatory reaction seen with group A strep is seen 2-3 weeks after Group A Strep pharyngitis.
Acute Rheumatic Fever
This multi-system disorder has vague symptoms including carditis, arthritis, skin lesions, and subcutaneous nodules and is through to be a hyperimmune response to streptococcal antigens that cross react with host tissue.
Acute Rheumatic Fever
This kidney inflammation is seen after a prior group A strep pharyngitis or skin infection causes deposition of immune complexes in the kidney
Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
This is the development of sudden OCD symptoms following a GAS infection - usually pharyngitis
PANDAS
This bacteria is detected with a gram stain from sterile sites or with an antigen detection kit from a throat swab
S. pyogenes
How is S. pyogenes treated?
WIth penicillin - need prompt therapeutic intervention to prevent sequelae, no vaccine